|
Early breastfeeding initiation
a
|
Breastfeeding duration
|
Exclusive breastfeeding
|
|
ORb (95% CIc) |
P value |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
OR (95% CI) |
P value |
| Skin-to-Skin contact after birth |
| No |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Yes |
0.87 (0.79 – 0.96) |
0.004
|
1.02 (0.93 – 1.13) |
0.628 |
1.24 (1.13 – 1.36) |
0.000
|
| Mother's Age |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Teenager (15 – 19 years) |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Young adult (20 – 34 years) |
1.15 (1.01 – 1.32) |
0.036
|
0.74 (0.65 – 0.85) |
0.000
|
1.22 (1.06 – 1.39) |
0.004
|
| Mature adult (35 - 44 years) |
1.25 (1.08 – 1.44) |
0.003
|
0.50 (0.43 – 0.58) |
0.000
|
1.17 (1.02 – 1.35) |
0.030
|
| Marital status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never married |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Married/Living with partner |
1.07 (0.87 – 1.32) |
0.505 |
1.25 (1.00 – 1.56) |
0.050
|
0.95 (0.78 – 1.16) |
0.622 |
| Divorced/Separated/Widowed |
1.07 (0.82 – 1.39) |
0.618 |
0.81 (0.61 – 1.08) |
0.149 |
0.90 (0.70 – 1.16) |
0.404 |
| Wealth Index (SES)d |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poor |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Middle |
1.43 (1.31 – 1.56) |
0.000
|
0.94 (0.86 – 1.02) |
0.146 |
0.89 (0.82 – 0.97) |
0.006
|
| Rich |
1.68 (1.52 – 1.85) |
0.000
|
0.83 (0.75 – 0.91) |
0.000
|
0.98 (0.89 – 1.08) |
0.983 |
| Educational attainment |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No formal education |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Primary education |
0.89 (0.81 – 0.98) |
0.022
|
0.85 (0.77 – 0.94) |
0.002
|
1.36 (1.24 – 1.50) |
<0.001
|
| Secondary education |
0.93 (0.84 – 1.03) |
0.165 |
0.94 (0.85 – 1.04) |
0.207 |
1.31 (1.19 – 1.45) |
<0.001
|
| Higher education |
0.93 (0.79 – 1.09) |
0.379 |
0.84 (0.71 – 0.99) |
0.046
|
1.22 (1.04 – 1.42) |
0.014
|
| Residence |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Rural |
0.96 (0.89 – 1.04) |
0.362 |
1.08 (0.99 – 1.17) |
0.065 |
0.96 (0.89 – 104) |
0.331 |
| Urban |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Ethnicity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Igbo |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Yoruba |
2.58 (2.26 – 2.96) |
<0.001
|
0.81 (0.71 – 0.94) |
0.005
|
3.29 (2.88 – 3.77) |
<0.001
|
| Hausa/ Fulani |
1.16 (1.01 – 1.34) |
0.039
|
1.05 (0.91 – 1.22) |
0.499 |
1.26 (1.10 – 1.45) |
<0.001
|
| Minorities/Other |
1.83 (1.64 – 2.06) |
<0.001
|
1.08 (0.96 – 1.23) |
0.205 |
1.32 (1.18 – 1.47) |
<0.001
|
| Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Christianity |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Islam |
0.81 (0.73 – 0.89) |
<0.001
|
1.46 (1.32 – 1.60) |
<0.001
|
0.71 (0.65 – 0.78) |
<0.001
|
| Traditionalism/Other |
1.48 (0.95 – 2.32) |
0.087 |
1.38 (093 – 2.06) |
0.112 |
0.34 (0.22 – 0.51) |
<0.001
|
| Currently Working |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Yes |
1.00 (0.94 – 1.07) |
0.943 |
0.97 (0.90 – 1.04) |
0.330 |
1.00 (0.94 – 1.07) |
0.905 |
| ANCe Visits during pregnancy |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| <4 visits |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| ≥4 visits |
0.96 (0.90 – 1.03) |
0.245 |
1.08 (1.01 – 1.16) |
0.029
|
1.19 (1.11 – 1.27) |
<0.001
|
| Place of delivery |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Home |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Private hospital |
0.92 (0.83 – 1.04) |
0.173 |
1.03 (0.91 – 1.16) |
0.635 |
0.97 (0.87 – 1.08) |
0.601 |
| Public hospital |
1.10 (1.01 – 1.19) |
0.029
|
1.06 (0.97 – 1.15) |
0.205 |
1.31 (1.21 – 1.42) |
<0.001
|
| Last time Internet used |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Not recently |
0.66 (0.43 – 1.02) |
0.059 |
1.09 (0.69 – 1.72) |
0.711 |
0.99 (0.64 – 1.54) |
0.963 |
| Recently |
0.59 (0.46 – 0.74) |
< 0.001
|
0.73 (0.55 – 0.97) |
0.030
|
1.36 (1.06 – 1.76) |
0.017
|
| Frequency of Internet use |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Never |
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
1 (Reference) |
|
| Infrequent |
1.41 (0.90 – 2.22) |
0.321 |
0.66 (0.41 – 1.07) |
0.089 |
1.32 (0.83 – 2.08) |
0.241 |
| Frequent |
1.09 (0.69 – 1.72)
|
0.704 |
0.69 (0.43 – 1.12) |
0.133 |
0.89 (0.56 – 1.40) |
0.602 |