Health research has been acknowledged to play a vital role in progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.1 It is known to guide health systems, develop new initiatives and generate evidence-based health policies.2 However, there remain gaps in the production of health research, particularly in many low and middle-income countries (LMICs). This can be overcome by developing robust research institutions with skilled researchers and by generating evidence to build their own health policies in order to achieve their health-related goals.3 This is an era of evidence-based medicine, which has been known to contribute significantly to the practice and advancement of medical science.4 Evidence suggests that patients who receive care in research-active hospitals have better health outcomes, as their problems are identified sooner, there is greater availability of more comprehensive treatment options and opportunities to be included in clinical trials.5 The Harris Interactive Survey, 2011, revealed that 75% of the public were eager to participate in clinical trials if the opportunity arose.6 Thus, generating research-oriented medical workforces is necessary.7
The development of the research capacity of an institute is primarily based on developing the individual research skills and boosting the research culture of institutions, which ultimately leads to an improvement in the research capacity and research excellence at the national level.8 Early introduction to scientific research and engagement in research work is known to enhance knowledge on research and develop practical skills. This is not only limited to protocol submission, manuscript writing skills, and methodological and data analysis skills,9 but also some soft skills like leadership and management skills. These enable the development for critical appraising, troubleshooting, idea generation, etc., among the researchers. As a result, it encourages involvement in research activities, generates scientific publications, and ultimately supports entry to varying research-focused careers.7 Equivalently, developing and promoting the research culture of health care institutions is imperative to encourage research and increase the research output. Research culture is reflected through the faculty member’s beliefs and norms about research in the universities, which should provide a conducive research environment. But universities in developing countries have retained strong teaching functions and weak research functions,10 indicated by low research output.
Bangladesh has low visibility of its research outputs in the global research community,11 and was ranked as the country with the least number of scientific publications among the Southeast Asian countries included in Scopus.12 As a result, many quality published works have a limited readership in the country, and low citations from colleagues contribute to the poor visibility and low impact factors.13 Data from Web of Science and Scopus revealed that Bangladesh published most in the fields of Medicine, but a very limited number of health care institutes contribute to it.12 This reflects the small number of health researchers in the country and decades of underinvestment in research institutions.14 Therefore, there is a critical need to develop research capacity in health care settings like medical universities and their hospitals, to inform service planning and decision-making in health services.
Among the many health care institutions in Bangladesh, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) is a postgraduate medical university that provides specialized patient care by being active in training, education and research. The health professionals of this institute constitute a crucial talent that needs to be continually supported for undertaking research for their prosperity in the research arena. In light of this reality, there is a need to improve the University’s research capacity and develop a strong research orientation among health professionals. Hence, an initiative was taken by the Department of Public Health and Informatics (DPHI), BSMMU, in collaboration with the World Health Organization (WHO) – Bangladesh office, to evaluate the situation of the research conducted by the University. This will be corroborated by identifying the potential barriers for undertaking research, strategies to overcome them and decide indicators for systematically tracking the trends and progress of research in the future. This study will be a first of its kind done in any health care institution of Bangladesh with the hope of shaping research culture among the health service providers of this country.
METHODS
An assessment was conducted to appraise the University’s research output, address the gaps and challenges for conducting research, identifying feasible actions for improvement, and determination of indicators for future evaluation of the University’s research capacity. Data collection was performed from August to October 2019, by reviewing the scientific publications done from BSMMU for the duration of January to December 2018, and interviews with various staff members of the University.
Assessment of the scientific publications from BSMMU
A review of the scientific publications from the academic departments to assess the research output from the University was conducted. We utilized PubMed15 and Bangladesh Online Journals (BanglaJOL)16 databases to select the articles. All the articles published from January 01 to December 31, 2018, were included in this analysis. The particular keywords used for searching articles were “Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University” or “BSMMU”, and any article having an author affiliated with BSMMU was taken into account. The screening language was limited to English. The data were compiled onto Microsoft Office Excel-2010 spreadsheets and analyzed. Descriptive analyses were performed on the publications data to generate frequencies and percentages.
Interviews to identify challenges, feasible actions to overcome them and indicators for evaluation of research capacity strengthening
To accomplish a comprehensive assessment of the University’s research support systems to provide academic, administrative and financial services for research activities, the list of research management and support systems (RMSS) components generated by Wallis et al., 2017,14 was utilized. The primary data collection tool developed was a guideline of semi-structured questions for interviews with members of different faculties of the University. Ten in-depth interviews with professors and associate professors who were vested in research, and two key-informant interviews with an assistant librarian and a member of the institutional review board, were done to identify the challenges for undertaking research, possible strategies to overcome the afore-mentioned challenges in research support systems, and determination of indicators for future evaluation of the research capacity of the University. The authors themselves conducted the interviews for this study, as they had past experience in conducting in-depth interviews. They were able to develop rapport and trust with the participants very easily, as they were medical doctors themselves. Every interview was audio-recorded with the consent of the participant, along with notes taken by the research assistant. After every interview, extensive discussions with the authors and research assistants were held to compare notes and discuss findings and meanings where necessary to minimize any possibilities for misinterpretation of the participant narratives. All the interviews conducted were translated into English for analysis by the authors themselves. Data were analyzed manually by applying the thematic framework analysis method. To ensure the reliability of data interpretations, the final categories and their contents were conferred among all the authors.
Ethics considerations
This study was considered to be an assessment of an institution aimed to improve and strengthen its research capacity. Therefore, formal ethical approval was not sought. However, verbal consent was taken from every study participant after explaining the objectives of the study, and provided them with an opportunity to withdraw their participation without any consequences.
RESULTS
Research publications
A review of the publications revealed a total of 364 articles of which, 115 (31.6%) were found in PubMed and 249 (68.4%) in BanglaJOL, for the year 2018. Among those in PubMed, majority (69.8%) were original research articles followed by 16.2% case reports, 10.0% review papers, 4.0% others (two systematic reviews and one letter to the editors, and comment each). A large portion (32.7%) of the articles were published in Mymensingh Medical Journal, which is indexed and included in Index Medicus and MEDLINE.17 A total of 36 departments from the University contributed to the articles in PubMed. As shown in Figure 1, majority (19) of the articles were published from the department of Psychiatry, among which 14 of the articles were published in the Asian Journal of Psychiatry (not shown in the figure). The second highest number of articles (8) was published from the departments of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine, which was followed by Endocrinology (7), and 6 articles each from the departments of Hepatology, Public Health & Informatics, and Obstetrics & Gynaecology.
For the articles found in BanglaJOL (249), 67.7% were original research articles, 23.6% case reports, 5.6% review papers and 2.1% editorials. The preferred journal for publication was the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University Journal (25.8%) and University Heart Journal (11.7%), both being published by BSMMU. As illustrated in Figure 2, the highest number of articles published was from the department of Cardiology, which contributed to 23 articles and Cardiac Surgery contributed to 10. The department of Paediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition had the second highest number of publications (14) and the departments of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics ranked third (12).
The research productivity of the faculty members was expressed in Table 1, where the publication output per faculty member for the year 2018 was calculated. Based on the publication rate, the top performing faculty was the Faculty of Preventive and Social Medicine (1.167). When all the faculties and their employees were combined, the publication/ faculty member rate was 0.714, which further decreased to 0.70 when the allied institutes were added to the faculties.
Challenges and opportunities identified for research capacity strengthening
Respondents sharing their views revealed multiple challenges and constructive ways for strengthening the research support systems of the University. The results are categorized according to the relevant list of items generated by the research management support system described elsewhere.14 The findings from the interviews are enumerated in Table 2.
Indicators for future evaluation of research status
For the future assessment of improvement in the research capacity of the University, the most common indicators mentioned by the interviewees are presented in Table 3. The indicators are categorized according to the level at which they are targeted: individual, institutional and societal.18
DISCUSSION
This study demonstrated a concise process for the assessment of the research activities conducted from BSMMU, the identification of potential gaps and feasible strategies to improve the University’s research capacity and indicators for the future evaluation of University’s research capacity. The year 2018 was considered for the evaluation. The study revealed a diverse assortment of health research done in the University, of which 68.4% published manuscripts were found in local journals. The top local journals preferred for publication were Mymensingh Medical Journal, BSMMU Journal, and University Heart Journal, the latter two being published by BSMMU. Some possible reasons for choosing local journals for publications might be because, it is a low-barrier way to publication, easy formatting style for manuscript preparation, short duration from submission to acceptance which expedites promotion in academia, and the effort to fulfil the criteria for the journal’s indexation into international databases. A wide variability of the publication rates among the faculties was observed ranging from 1.167 to 0.167. The average publication rate of the faculty members of BSMMU was 0.70, which was comparatively low to other medical institutes, such as, the average publication rate of the American University of Beirut faculty members was 1.24,19 and in the University of Nebraska College of Medicine it was 1.95.20 Such low publication rates can be possibly be attributed to heavy clinical workload, lack of protected time for research, the size of faculty, absence of mentors, etc. According to a report by Scientific Bangladesh, BSMMU was not a leading contributor of health research from Bangladesh in the Scopus database.21 This observation is supportive to our findings, where the total number of scientific publications from BSMMU was small in number and majority of them were in the local journals. Publishing in local journals is favorable in many cases, since it encourages the researchers to address agendas pertaining to their country, whereas publication in international journals steer researchers away from local agendas toward topics of international concern.22
The study was able to identify multiple challenges for conducting research in the University. Among them, the most commonly mentioned was the burden of excessive clinical and academic workload, which left minimal time allotted for research. This lack of protected time for research, along with the deficiency of institutionalized training programs for the skill development of health care professionals, created apprehension towards research. Adding to this apprehensiveness, is the inadequate infrastructure of the University and lack of support services creating an unfavorable environment for research. Hence, among many faculties, research has become an individual activity conducted within the margins of their departments, rather than utilizing institutional processes.23 The challenges found in the current study resonates with the institutes based in LMICs, where they mentioned; heavy teaching loads, weak organizational research systems, limited access to scientific information, slow internet connections and inadequate physical facilities including libraries and laboratories as the major disincentives.14,23 Along with the challenges, we also identified many options which can be addressed by BSMMU to improve the individual and organizational capacity for research. In order to strengthen research capacity at individual level, early induction of the clinicians into research, and continued tailored training programs are needed. The importance of fostering basic research skills (proposal writing, statistical analysis, article writing skills, etc.), along with soft skills (communication, leadership, research management, etc.) had been highlighted by many interviewees. Seamless integration of these trainings as a part of the post-graduate curriculum is also expected to ensure sustainable changes at the individual capacity, also recommended by Bateman et al.24 Likewise, incentives like awards for research, grants with travel and training components, financial support for publication into high-impact journals, formalized career tracks for research staff, are well recognized schemes to inspire the researchers. Such strategies to strengthen research skills have often been recommended in other studies.14,25,26 Some approaches for strengthening institutional capacity includes; establishing research support offices, developing inter-departmental collaborations, prioritizing research agendas, developing research management capacity, support from contract research organizations, and upgradation of the University’s facilities (ICT and labs) to exclusively support research. To execute the afore mentioned issues, commitment from the management is vital to achieve changes in policies, rules and systems, which will support research. But focusing on strengthening research capacity at institutional level is a challenging task fraught with complexities, where it is not only about changing processes, but also about addressing power structures, politics, relationships and incentives.25 Even though this study was able to identify challenges faced for conducting research at both individual and institutional level, it failed to bring forth the challenges faced at the national level, where initiatives to apprise and enhance the capacities of government bodies, academic institutions and private sectors for demanding and utilizing research needs to be boosted. This will not only lead to developing an enabling environment for research but also contribute to the social and economic development of the nation.
For tracking the progress of research in the University, multiple indicators were mentioned in this study, where much emphasis was given on publication outputs (especially in high impact journals), followed by the assessment of the researcher’s leadership recognition and career trajectory. Publication outputs were acknowledged as the most commonly accepted measures of research capacity building and have been cited previously in many studies.24,26–28 But some have argued that using research publication in high impact journals as an indicator, is a tall order for faculties in institutes having low research skills, neither does it address issues to do with the usefulness of research, the impact of research activity on practice, or on measuring health improvement.29 Very few of the interviewees mentioned about the importance of institutional indicators (e.g., availability of research related trainings, improvement in various aspects of research infrastructure, etc.) and societal indicators (e.g., assessing the community impact of research, development of research influenced policies, etc.). The limitations of individual indictors in presenting a holistic view of the improvement of research capacity, can be overcome by utilizing the institutional and societal indicators for assessing research infrastructure and impact.
Our current study methods can be utilized by other institution for evaluating and optimizing their research capacity, however some limitations need to be considered. The study was done to provide a broad overview of BSMMU’s research status and capacity, which limited the capacity of the study to explore many components in depth. The study participants were purposively selected, who were invested in research and generally revealed similar problems. Also, conducting the study in only one University limited the generalizability of the results, which has been interpreted cautiously due to the lack of any standard comparison. Although the publications review from our end revealed many important observations, we were unable to perform some sophisticated analysis to address the publication capacity of the faculty members with regards to their rank, age, gender, etc. The review was also inadequate to reveal the international collaborations of the publications, as a major bulk of the articles in the local journals did not have all their authors’ institutional affiliations listed. Lastly, more variables such as impact factors, citation index, conference presentations, research grants were not considered in this study due to the unreliability and incompleteness of the data received from various departments.
CONCLUSIONS
This study is a first of its kind, conducted in Bangladesh, where the assessment of the research outputs from an institution and approaches to build on its research capacity was investigated. Although publications in international peer reviewed journals are visible, it is still under the dominance of local journals. The journals published from the University needs nourishment to achieve the standard of the international indexing authorities to attract more manuscripts from within and outside of the country. The key challenges identified for the health care professionals in the field of research included the absence for dedicated time to undertake research and the lack of research related skill developing trainings. The importance of embedding research culture among the health professionals, with establishing policies and guidelines for research support, along with the development of appropriate research infrastructure, will enable BSMMU to cater to the need for future generations to guide national policies and programs.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank the University staff members who participated in the study. We are grateful to the all the departments of the University and especially to the members of the DPHI, BSMMU, for providing valuable support during the research work. We would also like to acknowledge the technical support received from the study and administration team from WHO for their support in this study.
Funding
The study received financial support from World Health Organization, Reference number 2019/919408-0, Project number SEBAN1813696.
Authorship contributions
SER contributed in literature review, study design, data collection, analysis and interpretation, manuscript writing and revisions. MK contributed to study design, data analysis and interpretation, and manuscript revisions. FAK, KMTR, NM, NJ and FH contributed in literature review, data collection and analysis, and manuscript revisions. MMZ and SSI contributed to data interpretation and finalization of the manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Competing interests
The authors completed the Unified Competing Interest form at www.icmje.org/disclosure-of-interest/ (available upon request from the corresponding author) and declare no conflicts of interest.
Correspondence to:
Dr Md Khalequzzaman, M.B.B.S., M.P.H., M.Sc., Ph.D.
Department of Public Health and Informatics
Room # 309, Block # B
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University,
Shahbag, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh