|
India
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Pande et al. (2006),[@56749] Pande et al. (n.d.);[@56750]
Life skills course, rural; Maharashtra, India
|
Girls aged 12–18 not in school or working |
1-year life skills program as one-hour sessions each weekday evening |
|
Logistic regression analysis of data collected from program & control (randomly selected) villages |
Steady decrease in proportion of marriage in girls 11–17 yrs between 1997 & 2001 in intervention. No significant change in control. Randomly selected control 4 times more likely married before 18 than those on full program (pre-18 marriage rate only 9%). |
|
Jejeebhoy et al. (2009);[@56751]
Better Life Options programme, group-based empowerment program by CEDPA;
Uttar Pradesh, India
|
Unmarried adolescent girls 13–17 over a 6-month period |
Life skills
Community mobilisation
|
|
Quasi-experimental evaluating effectiveness. Baseline surveys of all 13–17 yrs old unmarried girls in intervention & matched control site pre-intervention (1038 girls). Panel survey 9–15 months later. |
Percentage of girls preferring to delay marriage beyond adolescence increased from 48–55% to 62–75% at endline. |
|
Mehra et al. (2018);[@56752]
EU funded Youth Information Centres; Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, India
|
Young girls and boys 10–14,15–19, 20–24 |
Life skill-based educational sessions, focusing on SRH, early marriage and early pregnancy |
|
Cross-sectional (post-test study) with a mixed method approach. Multi-stage sampling adopted for selection of a sample of 10- and 24-year olds. |
Intervention strategy showed a significant decrease in number of CMs (Adjusted Odd Ratios (Adj) 2·25, CI 1·28–3·94), of early pregnancies (Adj 3·00, CI 1·06–8·43) and increase in school retentions (Adj 2·96, CI 2·02–4·34). |
CEDPA (2001);[@56753]
BLP – Better Life Options Program, peri-urban slums; Delhi, rural Madhya Pradesh and rural Gujrat, India |
Adolescent girls |
Life skills educational program |
|
Cross-sectional impact study |
37% of BLP girls married after age 18 compared to 26% in control group. Control group girls 35% more likely to marry before age 18 compared to BLP girls. Quality of valuation unlikely to meet Kalamar et al.[@56747] standards. |
| Pathfinder International (2013);[@56754] PRACHAR – Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior; Bihar, India |
Young couples and adolescents |
Tackling social norms pressuring young people to marry and have children early |
|
960 villages with 10 million people |
Young women who took part in the program got married 2·6 years later than those who did not and had first babies 1·5 years later. |
| Daniel and Nanda (2012);[@56755] PRACHAR – Promoting Change in Reproductive Behavior; Bihar, India |
Young couples and adolescents |
Tackling social norms pressuring young people to marry and have children early |
|
Interviews with random sample of 307 females and 306 males of participants and 306 females and 306 males of comparable ages non-participants |
Among intervention group, median age at marriage for females was 2·6 years higher (22·0 vs. 19·4) and for males was 2·8 years higher (24 vs 21·3) than in the comparison group. Taking schooling and caste differences into account, the adjusted relative risk of marriage among females was 44% lower and among males 26% lower for those exposed to the intervention than among their comparison counterparts. |
|
Raj et al. (2017);[@56756]
RISHTA – Regional Initiative Supporting Healthy Adolescents; Jharkhand, India
|
Boys and girls |
SRH education and youth empowerment |
|
In-depth quality interviews with girls aged 13–24 |
Changed social norms with later marriage being more acceptable and improved gender equity. |
|
Nanda et al. (2014 );[@56757]
ABAD – Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth); Haryana, India
|
Poor households and disadvantaged caste groups |
Cash disbursement for registering birth of girl; and on enrolment at school and saving bond for daughter redeemable if girl unmarried at 18 |
Savings bond Rs 2500 redeemable at maturity of Rs 25,000 |
Data from beneficiaries and comparable non-beneficiaries |
Study found program did not affect probability of being ever-married or probability of CM at 18. but ICRW did find that beneficiaries were more likely to get married exactly at age 18.
Positive effect on educational attainment.
|
|
Nanda et al. (2016);[@56758]
ABAD – Apni Beti Apna Dhan (Our Daughter, Our Wealth); Haryana, India
|
Poor households and disadvantaged caste groups |
Cash disbursement for registering birth of girl; and on enrolment at school and saving bond for daughter redeemable if girl unmarried at 18 |
Savings bond Rs 2500 redeemable at maturity of Rs 25,000 |
Quasi experimental, mixed-methods design with data collected from
beneficiaries (treatment group) and eligible non-beneficiaries
(control group), 2 surveys
|
Impact evaluation found beneficiary girls were significantly more likely to complete 8th grade than eligible non-beneficiary girls, but no impact on educational attainment at higher levels. More than 80% of the study population (including both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries) had not married before age 18 (at the time of the second survey), suggesting a general societal shift in the age of marriage in Haryana. Of the girls who were married, no significant difference between beneficiary and non-beneficiary girls on probability of marriage before 18 years. |
|
Sen & Dutta (2018);[@56759]
Kanyashree Prakalpa (KP); West Bengal, India
|
Girls aged 13–18 years |
Conditional cash transfers |
For unmarried girls aged 13–18 enrolled in an educational institution (KP1) annual grant Rs750 and a onetime grant of Rs 25,000 on reaching age 18, providing both unmarried and at educ. inst. (KP2) |
Independent primary survey of
1,050 households from six blocks in three districts of West Bengal
|
Preliminary results: Dropout rate reduced by 20·6% points; marriage rate by 12·3% points or a 32·9% reduction. |
| Sambodhi (2014);[@56760] Maharashtra, India |
Adolescent girls 12–18 |
Life Skills Project –Deepshika, empowering girls
State Gender resource centre – network of support
|
Per participant cost ranged from INR267 to INR455 (US$4–6·50) |
Large program reaching 64,360 girls. Results based on interviews with girls, parents, service providers and frontline workers – sample for endline covered 583 girls in project and 324 in comparison areas. |
Impact on gender knowledge and attitudes strongly evident within communities – several young women elected into local self-governance bodies, some heading their gram panchayats, now active at village level and active part family level decision making. Changes within families evident, especially attitudes towards girls. However reduction in number of CM (280) small compared with large program size. |
|
Other countries
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Zibani (2012)[@56761] in Sewall-Menon & Bruce (2012);[@56762]
Ishraq (Sunrise) Program; Upper Egypt
|
Disadvantaged out-of-school, rural adolescent girls aged 12–15 |
Life skills
Community mobilisation
|
Life skills costs per girl $17·99
Admin. costs pro rata $13·50
Total costs $31·50
|
Monitored & evaluated with surveys of intervention villages & control villages with no intervention |
No results at time of study, but indicators developed & program scaled-up. |
|
Brady et al. (2007);[@56763]
Ishraq (Sunrise) Program; Upper Egypt
|
Disadvantaged out-of-school, rural adolescent girls in 4 rural villages – 2 in Ishraq, 2 in control group |
Social norms
Safe spaces
|
|
Longitudinal surveys of girls aged 13–15 |
Marriage rates at endline among non-participants in program villages higher than in control villages (22% vs 16%). Rate of 13–29 months participating 12%, with full-time participants 5%. |
|
Erulkar & Muthengi (2009);[@56764]
Berhane Hewan;
Ethiopia
|
Married & unmarried girls aged 10–19. |
Community mobilisation
Girls’ education incentives
Conditional economic incentives, e.g. chickens or goat
|
Cost of materials, e.g. pencils, notebooks $US4
Provision of goat/pregnant ewe ($US20) if girl unmarried at 18
|
Baseline & endline (2 years later) of 2 villages with similar SES profiles – 1 program & other control; Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models & logistic regressions |
Improvements in girls’ school enrolment, age at marriage, etc. Particularly for girls 10–14 in program rather than in control area, more likely to be in school (odds ratio, 3·0) & less likely to have ever been married (0·1). But, girls aged 15–19 in intervention, elevated likelihood of having been married by endline (2·4). |
|
Erulkar (2014);[@56765]
Berhane Hewan;
sub-Saharan Africa
|
Girls aged 10–14 |
Community mobilisation
Girls’ education incentives
Conditional economic incentives, e.g. chickens or goat
|
Full model costs in Ethiopia $44 per girl;
in Tanzania $117 per girl
|
Quasi-experimental research design, with population-based surveys before & after implementation, in intervention & control sites |
Ethiopia: Education support, 94% less likely to get married at endline.
2 chickens for every year unmarried, girls 15–17 yrs were 50% likely. Full model, girls aged 15–17 yrs, were two-thirds less likely to be married.
Tanzania: With goats, girls 5–17 yrs, two thirds less likely to be married. Full model positive effect among both groups of girls.
|
|
Erulkar et al. (2017);[@56766]
Berhane Hewan;
Burkina Faso, Ethiopia & Tanzania
|
Cross section of men, women adolescent males & females |
Community mobilisation
Girls’ education incentives
Conditional economic incentives
|
Conditional cash transfer cost in:
Ethiopia $32
Tanzania $107
Average $69·50
|
Population-based base line & endline surveys of girls aged 12–17 & parents of girls |
Ethiopia: among girls aged 15–17, with conditional asset transfer half the risk of being married at endline compared to baseline RR = 0·57
Tanzania: RR = 0·52
|
|
Catino et al. (2012)[@56767] in Sewall-Menon & Bruce (2012);[@56762] Abriendo Oportunidades;
Guatemala
|
Disadvantaged rural girls aged
8–24 |
Life skills
Safe spaces for girls
Building social networks
|
|
Project monitoring with feedback throughout the project cycle to adjust project strategies, & evaluation to assess project effectiveness as measured against outcome indicators |
Core outcome indicators for beneficiaries during pilot:
- Continuation of education
- Delayed age at marriage & first birth
- Retention of health & economic assets after program
- Leadership & teaming capacity
|