Governmental response to COVID-19† COVID-19 outbreak progress within the country†
case-PH measure intervals case-PH measure speeds
(Favorable vs Moderate)
case-PH measure speeds
(Favorable vs Unfavorable)
government response stringency days between the
first global and
domestic cases
number of case growing weeks‡ percentage of growing weeks‡
HDI              
Very High 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
High 0.706 (0.229-2.179) 0.841 (0.225-3.145) 0.308 (0.061-1.569) 0.367 (0.085-1.591) 0.389 (0.106-1.425) 1.264 (0.374-4.278) 1.079 (0.348-3.347)
Medium 0.434 (0.89-2.120) 0.358 (0.044-2.929) 0.120* (0.013-1.121) 0.350 (0.048-2.573) 0.875 (0.126-6.055) 1.302 (0.208-8.143) 0.804 (0.151-4.390)
low 0.834 (0.138-5.039) 1.629 (0.107-24.706) 0.198 (0.008-4.737) 0.014*** (0.001-0.341) 0 0.970 (0.066-14.346) 0.350 (0.051-2.393)
International travel volume              
Low .. 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) ..
High .. 0.848 (0.228-3.149) 2.761 (0.485-15.706) 3.596* (0.969-13.345) 15.492*** (2.387-100.533) 5.867** (1.471-23.394) ..
Health workforce density              
High 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Low 1.728 (0.532-5.608) 2.129 (0.450-10.069) 8.303** (1.475-46.729) 0.727 (0.176-3.007) 0.435 (0.107-1.772) 0.959 (0.253-3.641) 2.224 (0.629-7.867)
Health expenditure              
High .. .. .. .. .. .. 1
Low .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.656** (1.171-6.021)
SPAR scores (2019)                                                                    
7 core capacity average scores              
High .. .. .. .. 1 (ref) .. ..
Medium .. .. .. .. 0.187*** (0.057-0.617) .. ..
Low .. .. .. .. 1.350 (0.157-11.602) .. ..
7 core capacity plus POE average scores              
High 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) .. 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Medium 2.535* (0.910-7.058) 1.726 (0.547-5.442) 1.501 (0.427-5.277) 0.620 (0.184-2.083) .. 0.920 (0.319-2.650) 1.074 (0.389-2.965)
Low 2.79 (0.637-12.226) 3.73 (0.669-20.808) 3.467 (0.490-27.126) 10.963* (0.783-153.589) .. 0.073** (0.009-0.622) 0.398 (0.074-2.129)
Health service provision              
High 1 (ref) .. .. 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref) 1 (ref)
Low 1.095 (0.376-3.188) .. .. 0.422 (0.106-1.689) 0.828 (0.211-3.251) 2.622 (0.651-10.554) 4.914** (1.399-17.257)