Author, year of publication, country	Outcome	Outcome prevalence (%)	Intravaginal practice & prevalence (%)	Effect measure of association
Luo et. al, 2016 China	HIV-1 seropositivity	10	Douching: 84	Association between vaginal douching & HIV: aOR 2.29 [95% CI 1.01 – 5.23] Only douching with toothpaste and medical disinfectant were associated with significant increases in HIV risk
Vandepitte et. al, 2011 Uganda	HIV seroprevalence	37	Intravaginal cleansing: 94 Intravaginal insertion: 56	Cleansing of the vagina using soap and HIV-infection: aOR 1.32 [95% CI 1.00 -1.73], P = 0.05 Cleansing inside the vagina in the last 3 months: aOR 1.18 [95% CI 0.66 – 2.10], P = 0.58 Inserting any substance inside the vagina in last 3 months: aOR 1.04 [95% CI 0.79 – 1.38], P = 0.77