|
HPV infection
|
|
| Bui et. al, 2018 |
Cambodia |
Cross-sectional |
200 FSWs |
Mean 26.7
Range 18 – 35
|
Intravaginal washing
Intravaginal wiping
Intravaginal insertion
|
HPV infection (number of infecting HPV genotypes) |
Moderate |
| Bui et. al, 2016 |
USA |
Cross-sectional |
1271 women participating in a national survey |
Range 20 – 49 |
Douching† |
HPV infection (number of infecting HPV DNA types) |
Moderate |
| Ebrahim et. al, 2016 |
South Africa |
Cohort |
224 young women attending primary health care clinics |
Median 21
Range 14 – 30
|
Vaginal insertion practices |
HPV prevalence |
Moderate |
Esber et. al, 2016 (full publication)
Esber et. al, 2015 (conference abstract)
|
Malawi |
Cross-sectional |
200 care-seeking women |
Median 33 |
Intravaginal cleansing
Intravaginal insertion
|
High-risk HPV infection, bacterial vaginosis, HSV-2 infection |
Moderate |
Houlihan et. al, 2014 (full publication)
Houlihan et. al, 2013 (conference abstract)
|
Tanzania |
Cross-sectional |
474 adolescent girls before reported sexual debut |
Range 15 – 16 |
Intravaginal cleansing
Intravaginal insertion
|
HPV infection |
Moderate |
| Lee et. al, 2014 |
South Korea |
Cross-sectional |
912 women in a twin cohort |
Range 25 – 79 |
Douching |
HPV infection |
Moderate |
| Moscicki et. al, 2013 |
USA |
Cohort |
1543 women, part of an HPV natural history study recruited from clinic sites |
Range 13 – 21 |
Douching |
HPV16 DNA redetection on cervical sample |
High |
Seay et. al, 2017
(full publication)
Kish et. al, 2011 (conference abstract)
|
Haiti |
Cross-sectional |
416 women recruited by Community Health Workers |
Range 26 – 40 |
“Twalet deba”, Haitian Creole term, use of agents and water to produce an infusion for douching |
High-risk HPV infection |
High |
| Shaw et. al, 2016 |
Brazil |
Cohort |
1867 women recruited from a maternal and child health program |
Mean 32.9 |
Douching |
HPV 1-year period prevalence; transient HPV infection, persistent HPV infection |
Moderate |
| Sun et. al, 2005 |
Taiwan |
Cross-sectional |
1264 women attending gynaecologic clinics, with abnormal cervical cytology |
Median 44
Range 16 – 85
|
Douching, post-coital |
HPV prevalence |
Low |
| Tarkowski et. al, 2004 |
USA |
Cross-sectional |
312 urban adolescent girls recruited from a clinic |
Mean 16.1
Range 12.8 – 19.9
|
Douching |
HPV infection |
Low |
|
Cervical disease
|
|
| Ali-Risasi et. al, 2015 |
DRC |
Cross-sectional |
1018 women recruited from HIV screening centres, hospitals & health centres |
Mean 43.0
Range 17 – 82
|
Intravaginal application of plants/vegetable products or chemicals for vaginal care |
LSIL or worse |
Moderate |
| Bayo et. al, 2002 |
Mali |
Case-control |
Hospital-based; 82 cases (invasive cervical cancer), 97 hospital controls matched by 5-year age groups |
Mean 47
Range 25 – 56 and older
|
Douching |
Invasive cervical cancer |
Moderate |
| Chu et. al, 2011 |
Taiwan |
Cohort |
1332 women with abnormal Pap smear results in medical centres, follow-up of 295 with colposcopy-confirmed LSIL |
Not stated |
Douching, post-coital |
LSIL non-regression, LSIL progression |
High |
| Gardner et. al, 1991 |
USA |
Case-control |
266 cases (in-situ and invasive cervical carcinoma), 408 group-matched controls |
Range 20 – 59 |
Douching |
In-situ and invasive cervical carcinoma |
Moderate |
| Mbizvo et. al, 2005 |
Zimbabwe |
Cross-sectional |
200 Mother and Child Health clinic attendees |
Range 15 – 49 |
Intravaginal cleansing
Use of intravaginal herbs
|
Cervical dyskaryosis (mild, moderate, severe) |
Low |
| Sagay et. al, 2009 |
Nigeria |
Cross-sectional |
374 FSWs recruited from brothels in the urban centre of Jos |
Mean 27.8 Range 16 – 63 |
Douching |
Cervical dysplasia, SILs |
Low |
| van de Wijgert et. al, 2000 |
Zimbabwe |
Cohort |
169 women recruited from family planning, primary care and postnatal clinics |
Mean age 30 Range 18 – 45 |
Finger-cleansing, wiping and inserting traditional substances |
Colposcopic lesions, HIV & other STIs, dysplasia on Pap smear (CIN I to III or invasive cervical cancer) |
Moderate |
|
HIV infection
|
|
| Luo et. al, 2016 |
China |
Cross-sectional |
837 FSWs |
Median 23 Range 16 – 52 |
Douching† |
HIV/STIs (N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, T. pallidum, T. vaginalis, HSV-2 seropositive) |
Moderate |
| Vandepitte et. al, 2011 |
Uganda |
Cross-sectional |
1027 women with high-risk sexual behaviour (commercial sex work or employed in entertainment facilities) |
Mean age 26 |
Vaginal cleansing |
HIV seroprevalence |
High |