First author and year	Crisis	Country	Participants (N; ages)	Study Design	Key findings
Andersson 1992[@38579]	Measles epidemic	Mexico	1211 children<5	Mixed Methods	Monetary cost and loss of household reserve capital Average loss of 18.8 workdays per case of measles Local pharmacies reported increased cost of drugs Families often sold livestock to pay for medical care Families with measles in household: 70% incurred financial loss
Borse 2011[@38564]	H1N1	USA	554 households with elementary school children	Cross-sectional	83% did not lose time at work The probability of losing work for a household with only one working parent is 9% When both parents are employed, the probability of losing work is 42%
CDC 2008[@38544]	Influenza	Kentucky	480 children School district A = low SES (327) School district B = higher SES (145)	Mixed Methods	29.1% had an adult that had to miss work 15.7% have lost pay 10% children in school district A (lower SES) relied more on school meal plans 14.9% had the option to work from home 39.8% had a "non-working" member
Chen 2011[@38578]	H1N1	Taiwan	232 parents/caretakers of children ages 6-13	Cross-sectional	27% reported workplace absenteeism 18% reported wage loss 23% felt moderately inconvenienced by school closure  73% supported the school closure
Chow 2013[@38570]	Pandemic influenza (general)	Australia	23 parents of children aged 6 months – 3 years	Qualitative	Many nominated impact on work as one of the largest daily life disturbances Work absenteeism increased and pay decreased Impact on employee-employer relationship
Cui 2020[@38510]	COVID-19	China	33 hospitals	Cross-sectional	Parent job loss adds stress on family
Effler 2010[@38521]	H1N1	Australia	223 parents of school children during school closure	Cross-sectional	45% reported taking >1 day off work for childcare (1-5 days, median 3 days) 35% had to arrange childcare 10% cared for themselves at home
Epson 2015[@38538]	Epidemic ILI (general)	USA - Colorado	35 households (representing 67 students)	Cross-sectional	80% reported closure not challenging  20% reported challenges  14% reported that ≥1 day missed work  9% reported lost pay 63% did not anticipate challenges to school closure; 6 of 8 who anticipated challenges indicated all the adults in the household worked out of the home
Esposito 2011[@38580]	H1N1	Italy	389 children < 15	Mixed methods	No major effect # of days missed: 08/09 seasonal H3N2: mothers lost 5.9 fathers lost 3.4, siblings missed 3.9 days of school  09/10 pandemic H1N1 missed days: mothers lost 5.9, fathers lost 3.3 and siblings missed 4.1
Gift 2010[@38565]	H1N1	USA - Pennsylvania	214 households (269 students)	Cross-sectional	69% reported zero missed workdays, of the remaining ~ 40% missed 5 workdays during school closures School closure > week may result in more missed work Older siblings can reduce missed work
Johnson 2008[@38542]	Influenza B	North Carolina	220 households (438 adults, 355 school aged children)	Cross-sectional	54% employed outside the home 18% were able to work from home 18% of adults stayed home due to school closures (all employed at schools) 76% had a form of childcare 10%, special childcare arrangements due to school closures 3% spent >1 day overnight for childcare 1% spent extra money on childcare
Kavanagh 2012[@38582]	H1N1	Victoria, Australia	133 households of employed parents, 33 schools (school aged children)	Cross-sectional	52% of parents took time of work to care for quarantined children 42% (without leave) vs. 58% (leave), P=0.08 took time off work 73% pay loss without leave vs. 21%, with leave P<0.001 of those who lost pay, 42% experienced further financial consequences
Miller 2010[@38566]	H1N1	N/A	63 parent responses for 176 grade 5-8 students; 188 student responses for 240 grade 9-12 students	Cross-sectional	20%, nanny/babysitter for childcare 30% had caregivers stay home from work to care for them ≥ 1 day a week 9% in upper school reported caregivers staying home from work to care for them