First author and year	Crisis	Country	Participants (N; ages)	Study Design	Key findings
Aitken 2010[@38537]	H1N1	Australia	1292 over 18 years	Cross-sectional	94% have food for 3 days of isolation  54% have food and water for 3 days of isolation if utility services were stopped  Households with children less prepared for 3 days of isolation
Borse 2011[@38564]	H1N1	USA	554 elementary school children	Cross-sectional	70% of children stayed home 30% left home during the school closure (most commonly to playgrounds) Households in which adults were employed, 24% left home
Buzzi 2020[@38513]	COVID-19	Italy	2064 13-20 years	Cross-sectional	Regarding pandemic: 35% little/no concern 51.2% moderate concern 14.5% extreme concern 36% believed media exaggerated COVID-19 and distrusted media networks 36.8% concerned about school closures
Casanova 2020[@38514]	COVID-19	Italy	75 (25 cancer patients receiving treatment, 25 cancer patients in follow-up post-treatment, 25 peers with no cancer) 15-21 years	Qualitative	Large number of patients expressed worry about the virus; not seen in healthy peers Patients burdened by parental concerns, while healthy peers did not Patients deemed public health measures appropriate; healthy peers deemed them excessive
Chow 2013[@38570]	Influenza (general)	Australia	23 parents of children aged 6 months – 3 years	Qualitative	Parent-child relationships worsened; communication centred around responsibilities Older siblings were more understanding when told they had to stay home due to a sick child, but younger ones would act out.
Cui 2020[@38510]	COVID-19	China	33 hospital representatives	Cross-sectional	15% of hospitals opened online mental health services for children: One hospital provided child services: 45% had anxiety 22% had insomnia 13% had depression 13% had somatic symptoms 8% had other concerns School closures created fear, frustration, boredom, lack of in-person contacts with friends, teachers and classmates  58% of children finished online schoolwork 3% of children who experienced trauma due to the infection were diagnosed with PTSD Increased conflict in child-parent relationships, authoritative parenting styles are not well suited to coping with the pandemic
Denis-Ramirez 2017[@38535]	Ebola	Sierra Leone	24 8-14 years	Qualitative	Orphans experienced name calling, distancing, othering, driving away, fear from family and friends, exhaustion, and rejection Psychological impact of stigma included psychological distress, ostracization, and abandonment
Effler 2010[@38521]	H1N1	Australia	223 parents of school children (elementary - grade 7)	Cross-sectional	90% reported school closure cased little-no anxiety for their child 55% indicated that school closure caused moderate-severe disruption to family routine
Epson 2015[@38538]	General ILI	USA	67 school aged children	Cross-sectional	3% reported missed subsidized school meals as a challenge
Etard 2017[@38533]	Ebola	Guinea	802; 20% < 18 years	Longitudinal	98.9% of participants reported stigmatisation
Green 2018[@38569]	Ebola	Liberia	201 Parents of children aged 3-4	Longitudinal	Parental preference for harsh parenting methods from pre-EVD to post-EVD decreased by 28.1%, Exposure to EVD associated with increased parent preferences for harsh punishment  Parents exposed to EVD reported significantly more household conflict and personal anxieties
Ji 2017[@38520]	Ebola	Sierra Leone	18 EVD survivors; 8 aged 12-30, 8 aged 31-50, 2 aged > 51	Cross-sectional	High proportions of positive symptom scores in EVD survivors: 83.3% obsessive-compulsive 83.3% anxiety, 94.4% hostility,  94.4% phobic anxiety,  72.2% paranoid ideation
Johnson 2008[@38542]	Influenza B	USA	355 school-aged children	Cross-sectional	41% of responding households lost access to subsidized lunch programs
Kamara 2017[@38518]	Ebola	Sierra Leone	143 27 under age of 17	Cross-sectional	Depression, anxiety disorders, grief, social problems most prevalent disorders EVD survivors and bereaved relatives experienced grief, mild depressive, anxiety symptoms, stigma MAM diagnoses increase by 4.6% in community and 2.8% increase in health facilities (P< 0.001)  SAM diagnoses 2% increase from pre to post outbreak (P<0.003) with ¼ completing monthly treatment
Kodish 2019a[@38541]	Ebola	Sierra Leone	42 key informants and community informants	Qualitative	Impacts on feeding practices and food chains affect nutrition  Breast feeding halted Some struggle switching to formula Pandemic increased purchase of affordable, unhealthy food Increased orphans, new caregivers take on feeding responsibilities Nutritional challenges for infants and young children
Kodish 2019b[@38540]	Ebola	Guinea and Sierra Leone	105 adults/parents	Qualitative	Challenges related to infant and young child nutrition during EVD: Limited nutrition programming Decreased health system access Poor caregiving Nutritional response implementation challenges Increased rate of malnutrition Household food insecurity Changing breast feeding Delivery of food assistance  Funding diverted from nutrition to EVD containment/treatment
Koller 2010[@38515]	SARS	Canada	21 5-19	Qualitative	One visitor at a time in hospital was difficult for children and family  Patients lonely, fearful and sad Visits from family show support Hospital staff need to be calm for children to feel comfortable Miscommunication and misinformation about virus caused anxiety, confusion, fear in children Isolation and news resulted in fear of the “worst case scenario”  Play/distraction important for psychosocial care
Koller 2006[@38525]	SARS	N/A	23 (5 children aged 6-18, 10 parents and 8 health care workers were interviewed)	Qualitative	Changes in play: confined to home, no extracurriculars, no social spaces Children were unhappy, lonely, heartbroken for the loss of loved one Emotional well-being was disrupted; changes in friendships, bereavement, loss of care and intimacy with parents Problematic food availability/prices 16,600+ children orphaned by EVD Relatives, friends, neighbors often care for orphans, despite stigma >20% of adult participants stated orphans were not properly supervised/fed Survivors/children related to victims of EVD suffer social isolation Lack of studying from home during school closure; children were too hungry/busy working Girls less likely to study than boys
Liang 2020[@38527]	COVID-19-19/2020	China	584 14-35	Cross-sectional	Men scored higher in mental health (General Health Questionnaire-12) and PTSD measurements (indicating worse mental health and more PTSD) Lower education level associated with symptoms of PTSD and worse mental health 14-35 age bracket found no significant effect of age and mental health scores; can be generalized to ages 14-18
Miller 2010[@38566]	H1N1	N/A	63 parents	Cross-sectional	Decreased activity rates in grade 9-12 students
Murray 2010[@38509]	H1N1	USA	N/A	Qualitative	Fears result from unanswered questions and misconceptions Infants experience detachment and regression Preschoolers have sense of guilt or responsibility for pandemic Toddlers experience stress if their environment changes School-aged children at risk for adjustment reactions due to stress  Adolescent stress may be exacerbated by pandemic due to other developmental changes  PTSD may result due to enduring adjustment difficulties  Children experience significant grief due to loss of family/peers
Nicholas 2010[@38531]	General Pandemics	Canada	290 professionals in pandemic planning and pediatrics (working with children and youth)	Mixed methods	Grief bereavement counselling for children is needed
Page 2011[@38512]	H1N1	United Kingdom	144 clinical records, not all were children, but specified results for children separately (49 under the age of 16)	Qualitative	Children were found to be vulnerable to media Child mental health was especially impacted by H1N1 Age < 16 associated with having moderate/severe H1N1 concerns Children/adolescents were overrepresented amongst patients who expressed significant concern about H1N1
Pietrobelli 2020[@38539]	COVID-19	Italy	41 children and adolescents	Longitudinal	No changes in fruit and vegetable intake (P=0.055)  Potato chip, red meat, sugary drink intakes increased during lockdown (P=0.005-0.001) Number of meals per day increased by 1.15 ± 1.56 (more in males - 1.64 - than females - 0.58) Sports activities decreased by 2.3 ± 4.6 hours/day (P=0.003)   Screen time increased by 4.85 ± 2.4 hours/day (P<0.001)  Inverse correlation b/w change in sports participation and change in number of meals/screen time
Street child 2015[@38528]	Ebola	Sierra Leone	12,023 ≤ 18	Mixed methods	Difficulty re-homing “EVD orphans” Children of parents with EVD face stigma themselves Orphaned children tend to isolate themselves, have nightmares about deaths of parents, live in constant fear 91% orphans are reliant on food aid Loss of parent linked to malnutrition Orphans struggle with return to education
Sprang 2013[@38511]	H1N1, SARS, and Influenza	USA and Canada	586 parents	Mixed methods	30% quarantined children had PTSD  1.1% of non-isolated children had PTSD Symptoms: avoidance/numbing (57.8%), reexperiencing (57.8%), and arousal (62.5%) 85.7% of parents who met criteria for PTSD also have children who meet criteria  Pediatric diagnoses during/after pandemic:  Acute stress disorder= 16.7%, Adjustment disorder=16.7%,  PTSD= 6.2% Diagnoses during/after the pandemic for youth: Adjustment disorder=20% PTSD= 1.4% Gender played no role
Xie 2020[@38519]	COVID-19	China	1784 grades 2-6	Cross-sectional	18.9% had anxiety symptoms Students worried about contracting virus had higher Child Depression Inventory-S scores than those who were not worried about getting the virus (37.3% were worried)   22.6% had depressive symptoms Wuhan students received higher scores on a depression and anxiety scale than those in Huangshi; greater risk of depressive symptoms  Those who were pessimistic about pandemic had higher scores on the anxiety/depression scale than those who were optimistic about the pandemic; pessimists had increased risk of depressive symptoms (50.9% of students were optimistic)
Zhou 2020[@38516]	COVID-19	China	8079 12-18	Cross-sectional	Anxiety symptoms lower in city vs. rural (32.5% vs. 47.5%)  Proportion of male students with depression/anxiety lower than female students (41.7 vs. 45.5/36.2% vs. 38.4%)  The total proportion of the students with anxiety was 37.4% (mild-severe symptoms)  Comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms was 31.3%  Nervousness, anxious or on-edge (53.6%), worrying (47.3%), becoming easily annoyed or irritable (47%) are common symptoms of anxiety  COVID education higher among those without symptoms Depression symptoms in cities were lower than rural (37.7% vs. 47.5%) As the grade increased so did the frequency of depressive symptoms   Total depression in sample 43.7% Little interest in pleasure/doing things (53.9%), feeling tired or low energy (48.4%), poor appetite or overeating (45.6%) are common symptoms of depression