Aitken 2010[@38537] |
H1N1 |
Australia |
1292
over 18 years |
Cross-sectional |
-
94% have food for 3 days of isolation
-
54% have food and water for 3 days of isolation if utility services were stopped
-
Households with children less prepared for 3 days of isolation
|
Borse 2011[@38564] |
H1N1 |
USA |
554
elementary school children |
Cross-sectional |
-
70% of children stayed home
-
30% left home during the school closure (most commonly to playgrounds)
-
Households in which adults were employed, 24% left home
|
Buzzi 2020[@38513] |
COVID-19 |
Italy |
2064
13-20 years |
Cross-sectional |
Regarding pandemic:
-
35% little/no concern
-
51.2% moderate concern
-
14.5% extreme concern
-
36% believed media exaggerated COVID-19 and distrusted media networks
-
36.8% concerned about school closures
|
Casanova 2020[@38514] |
COVID-19 |
Italy |
75 (25 cancer patients receiving treatment, 25 cancer patients in follow-up post-treatment, 25 peers with no cancer)
15-21 years |
Qualitative |
-
Large number of patients expressed worry about the virus; not seen in healthy peers
-
Patients burdened by parental concerns, while healthy peers did not
-
Patients deemed public health measures appropriate; healthy peers deemed them excessive
|
Chow 2013[@38570] |
Influenza (general) |
Australia |
23 parents of children aged 6 months – 3 years |
Qualitative |
-
Parent-child relationships worsened; communication centred around responsibilities
-
Older siblings were more understanding when told they had to stay home due to a sick child, but younger ones would act out.
|
Cui 2020[@38510] |
COVID-19 |
China |
33
hospital representatives |
Cross-sectional |
-
15% of hospitals opened online mental health services for children:
-
One hospital provided child services:
-
45% had anxiety
-
22% had insomnia
-
13% had depression
-
13% had somatic symptoms
-
8% had other concerns
-
School closures created fear, frustration, boredom, lack of in-person contacts with friends, teachers and classmates
-
58% of children finished online schoolwork
-
3% of children who experienced trauma due to the infection were diagnosed with PTSD
-
Increased conflict in child-parent relationships, authoritative parenting styles are not well suited to coping with the pandemic
|
Denis-Ramirez 2017[@38535] |
Ebola |
Sierra Leone |
24
8-14 years |
Qualitative |
-
Orphans experienced name calling, distancing, othering, driving away, fear from family and friends, exhaustion, and rejection
-
Psychological impact of stigma included psychological distress, ostracization, and abandonment
|
Effler 2010[@38521] |
H1N1 |
Australia |
223
parents of school children (elementary - grade 7) |
Cross-sectional |
-
90% reported school closure cased little-no anxiety for their child
-
55% indicated that school closure caused moderate-severe disruption to family routine
|
Epson 2015[@38538] |
General ILI |
USA |
67 school aged children |
Cross-sectional |
-
3% reported missed subsidized school meals as a challenge
|
Etard 2017[@38533] |
Ebola |
Guinea |
802;
20% < 18 years |
Longitudinal |
-
98.9% of participants reported stigmatisation
|
Green 2018[@38569] |
Ebola |
Liberia |
201
Parents of children aged 3-4 |
Longitudinal |
-
Parental preference for harsh parenting methods from pre-EVD to post-EVD decreased by 28.1%,
-
Exposure to EVD associated with increased parent preferences for harsh punishment
-
Parents exposed to EVD reported significantly more household conflict and personal anxieties
|
Ji 2017[@38520] |
Ebola |
Sierra Leone |
18 EVD survivors; 8 aged 12-30, 8 aged 31-50, 2 aged > 51 |
Cross-sectional |
-
High proportions of positive symptom scores in EVD survivors:
-
83.3% obsessive-compulsive
-
83.3% anxiety,
-
94.4% hostility,
-
94.4% phobic anxiety,
-
72.2% paranoid ideation
|
Johnson 2008[@38542] |
Influenza B |
USA |
355
school-aged children
|
Cross-sectional
|
-
41% of responding households lost access to subsidized lunch programs
|
Kamara 2017[@38518]
|
Ebola
|
Sierra Leone
|
143
27 under age of 17
|
Cross-sectional
|
-
Depression, anxiety disorders, grief, social problems most prevalent disorders
-
EVD survivors and bereaved relatives experienced grief, mild depressive, anxiety symptoms, stigma
-
MAM diagnoses increase by 4.6% in community and 2.8% increase in health facilities (P< 0.001)
-
SAM diagnoses 2% increase from pre to post outbreak (P<0.003) with ¼ completing monthly treatment
|
Kodish 2019a[@38541] |
Ebola
|
Sierra Leone
|
42 key informants and community informants
|
Qualitative
|
-
Impacts on feeding practices and food chains affect nutrition
-
Breast feeding halted
-
Some struggle switching to formula
-
Pandemic increased purchase of affordable, unhealthy food
-
Increased orphans, new caregivers take on feeding responsibilities
-
Nutritional challenges for infants and young children
|
Kodish 2019b[@38540]
|
Ebola
|
Guinea and Sierra Leone
|
105 adults/parents
|
Qualitative
|
-
Challenges related to infant and young child nutrition during EVD:
-
Limited nutrition programming
-
Decreased health system access
-
Poor caregiving
-
Nutritional response implementation challenges
-
Increased rate of malnutrition
-
Household food insecurity
-
Changing breast feeding
-
Delivery of food assistance
-
Funding diverted from nutrition to EVD containment/treatment
|
Koller 2010[@38515]
|
SARS
|
Canada
|
21
5-19
|
Qualitative
|
-
One visitor at a time in hospital was difficult for children and family
-
Patients lonely, fearful and sad
-
Visits from family show support
-
Hospital staff need to be calm for children to feel comfortable
-
Miscommunication and misinformation about virus caused anxiety, confusion, fear in children
-
Isolation and news resulted in fear of the “worst case scenario”
-
Play/distraction important for psychosocial care
|
Koller 2006[@38525] |
SARS
|
N/A
|
23
(5 children aged 6-18, 10 parents and 8 health care workers were interviewed)
|
Qualitative
|
-
Changes in play: confined to home, no extracurriculars, no social spaces
-
Children were unhappy, lonely, heartbroken for the loss of loved one
-
Emotional well-being was disrupted; changes in friendships, bereavement, loss of care and intimacy with parents
-
Problematic food availability/prices
-
16,600+ children orphaned by EVD
-
Relatives, friends, neighbors often care for orphans, despite stigma
-
>20% of adult participants stated orphans were not properly supervised/fed
-
Survivors/children related to victims of EVD suffer social isolation
-
Lack of studying from home during school closure; children were too hungry/busy working
-
Girls less likely to study than boys
|
Liang 2020[@38527]
|
COVID-19-19/2020
|
China
|
584
14-35
|
Cross-sectional
|
-
Men scored higher in mental health (General Health Questionnaire-12) and PTSD measurements (indicating worse mental health and more PTSD)
-
Lower education level associated with symptoms of PTSD and worse mental health
-
14-35 age bracket found no significant effect of age and mental health scores; can be generalized to ages 14-18
|
Miller 2010[@38566]
|
H1N1
|
N/A
|
63 parents
|
Cross-sectional
|
-
Decreased activity rates in grade 9-12 students
|
Murray 2010[@38509]
|
H1N1
|
USA
|
N/A
|
Qualitative
|
-
Fears result from unanswered questions and misconceptions
-
Infants experience detachment and regression
-
Preschoolers have sense of guilt or responsibility for pandemic
-
Toddlers experience stress if their environment changes
-
School-aged children at risk for adjustment reactions due to stress
-
Adolescent stress may be exacerbated by pandemic due to other developmental changes
-
PTSD may result due to enduring adjustment difficulties
-
Children experience significant grief due to loss of family/peers
|
Nicholas 2010[@38531]
|
General Pandemics
|
Canada
|
290 professionals in pandemic planning and pediatrics (working with children and youth)
|
Mixed methods
|
-
Grief bereavement counselling for children is needed
|
Page 2011[@38512]
|
H1N1
|
United Kingdom
|
144 clinical records, not all were children, but specified results for children separately (49 under the age of 16)
|
Qualitative
|
-
Children were found to be vulnerable to media
-
Child mental health was especially impacted by H1N1
-
Age < 16 associated with having moderate/severe H1N1 concerns
-
Children/adolescents were overrepresented amongst patients who expressed significant concern about H1N1
|
Pietrobelli 2020[@38539]
|
COVID-19
|
Italy
|
41 children and adolescents
|
Longitudinal
|
-
No changes in fruit and vegetable intake (P=0.055)
-
Potato chip, red meat, sugary drink intakes increased during lockdown (P=0.005-0.001)
-
Number of meals per day increased by 1.15 ± 1.56 (more in males - 1.64 - than females - 0.58)
-
Sports activities decreased by 2.3 ± 4.6 hours/day (P=0.003)
-
Screen time increased by 4.85 ± 2.4 hours/day (P<0.001)
-
Inverse correlation b/w change in sports participation and change in number of meals/screen time
|
Street child 2015[@38528]
|
Ebola
|
Sierra Leone
|
12,023
≤ 18
|
Mixed methods
|
-
Difficulty re-homing “EVD orphans”
-
Children of parents with EVD face stigma themselves
-
Orphaned children tend to isolate themselves, have nightmares about deaths of parents, live in constant fear
-
91% orphans are reliant on food aid
-
Loss of parent linked to malnutrition
-
Orphans struggle with return to education
|
Sprang 2013[@38511]
|
H1N1, SARS, and Influenza
|
USA and Canada
|
586 parents
|
Mixed methods
|
-
30% quarantined children had PTSD
-
1.1% of non-isolated children had PTSD
-
Symptoms: avoidance/numbing (57.8%), reexperiencing (57.8%), and arousal (62.5%)
-
85.7% of parents who met criteria for PTSD also have children who meet criteria
-
Pediatric diagnoses during/after pandemic:
-
Acute stress disorder= 16.7%,
-
Adjustment disorder=16.7%,
-
PTSD= 6.2%
-
Diagnoses during/after the pandemic for youth:
-
Adjustment disorder=20%
-
PTSD= 1.4%
-
Gender played no role
|
Xie 2020[@38519]
|
COVID-19
|
China
|
1784
grades 2-6
|
Cross-sectional |
-
18.9% had anxiety symptoms
-
Students worried about contracting virus had higher Child Depression Inventory-S scores than those who were not worried about getting the virus (37.3% were worried)
-
22.6% had depressive symptoms
-
Wuhan students received higher scores on a depression and anxiety scale than those in Huangshi; greater risk of depressive symptoms
-
Those who were pessimistic about pandemic had higher scores on the anxiety/depression scale than those who were optimistic about the pandemic; pessimists had increased risk of depressive symptoms (50.9% of students were optimistic)
|
Zhou 2020[@38516]
|
COVID-19
|
China
|
8079
12-18
|
Cross-sectional
|
-
Anxiety symptoms lower in city vs. rural (32.5% vs. 47.5%)
-
Proportion of male students with depression/anxiety lower than female students (41.7 vs. 45.5/36.2% vs. 38.4%)
-
The total proportion of the students with anxiety was 37.4% (mild-severe symptoms)
-
Comorbid depressive and anxiety symptoms was 31.3%
-
Nervousness, anxious or on-edge (53.6%), worrying (47.3%), becoming easily annoyed or irritable (47%) are common symptoms of anxiety
-
COVID education higher among those without symptoms
-
Depression symptoms in cities were lower than rural (37.7% vs. 47.5%)
-
As the grade increased so did the frequency of depressive symptoms
-
Total depression in sample 43.7%
-
Little interest in pleasure/doing things (53.9%), feeling tired or low energy (48.4%), poor appetite or overeating (45.6%) are common symptoms of depression
|