Bias categories§
Ref	Author, Year	Country	Primary setting‡	Age range	Assessment → Outcomes reported	1	2	3	4	5	6
[@30523]	Abdulkadir MB, 2015	Nigeria	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia → death/ prolonged hospitalization	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30525]	Addo-Yobo E, 2011	Bangladesh + 3	Outpatient	1 - 59m	Tachypnoea → treatment failure†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30526]	Agweyu A, 2014	Kenya	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Grunting → treatment failure	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30501]	Agweyu A, 2018	Kenya	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Fever/ lower chest wall indrawing/ tachypnoea → death†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30527]	Asghar R, 2008	Bangladesh + 6	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia → death/ treatment failure†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30528]	Ashraf H, 2012	Bangladesh	Outpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia/ tachypnoea → clinical failure	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30529]	Awasthi S, 2008	India	Outpatient	1 - 59m	Tachypnoea → clinical failure†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30510]	Benet T, 2017	India + 3	Inpatient	1 - 59m	CXR finding/ cyanosis/ lower chest indrawing/ (lack of) rasping → hypoxia Hypoxia → death/ prolonged hospitalization	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30532]	Bharti B, 2008	India	Inpatient	1m - 17y	CXR finding → length of stay	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30490]	Chisti MJ, 2011	Bangladesh	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia → death†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30489]	Chisti MJ, 2012	Bangladesh	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Lower chest indrawing/ nasal flaring → hypoxia†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30491]	Chisti MJ, 2013	Bangladesh	PICU	0 - 59m	Hypoxia → death†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30492]	Chisti MJ, 2013	Bangladesh	Inpatient	0 - 59m	Lower chest wall indrawing†/ tachypnoea → hypoxia	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30533]	Chudasama RK, 2012	India	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Fever → death/intensive care unit admission	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30535]	El Kholy AA, 2014	Egypt	Inpatient	1m - 17y	Cyanosis → prolonged length of hospital stay	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30509]	Emukule GO, 2014	Kenya	Inpatient	0 - 59m	Tachypnoea → (decreased) death Chest wall indrawing†/ hypoxia/ nasal flaring/ wheezing → death	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30502]	Gowraiah V, 2014	India	Inpatient	0 - 59m	Tachypnoea → death	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30537]	Hazir T, 2011	Pakistan	Outpatient	1 - 59m	Wheezing → therapy failure	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30538]	Ibraheem RM, 2014	Nigeria	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia → difficult breathing Abnormal percussion note/ bronchial breath sounds/ cyanosis/ grunting/ intercostal retractions/ lower chest indrawing† → hypoxia	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30503]	Jroundi I, 2014	Morocco	Inpatient	1 - 59m	CXR finding/ cyanosis†/ fever/ hypoxia/ tachypnoea/ wheezing → poor prognosis (death, intensive care or Respiratory Index Severity Children (RISC) score ≥3)	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30499]	Mahajan V, 2016	India	Emergency	1- 59m	Chest retractions/ fever/ grunting/ hypoxia/ tachypnoea → hospital admission†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30544]	Morgan MC, 2017	Kenya	NICU	Preterm - 28d	Grunting/ nasal flaring/ retractions → hypoxia† Hypoxia/ nasal flaring → death†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30545]	Mwaniki MK, 2009	Kenya	Inpatient	0 - 59m	Hypoxia → death†	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30508]	Naheed A, 2009	Bangladesh	Inpatient	0 - 59m	Tachypnoea → (decreased) death Chest indrawing → death	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30493]	Orimadegun AE, 2013	Nigeria	Inpatient	0 - 17y	Chest retractions/ fast or difficult breathing/ grunting/ nasal flaring → hypoxia	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30549]	Quiambao BP, 2009	Philippines	Inpatient	0 - 11m	Apnea/ CXR finding/ chest indrawing → death	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30500]	Rao YK, 2012	India	Emergency	1 - 59m	Cyanosis/ grunting/ nasal flaring/ tachypnoea → hypoxia	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30494]	Singla G, 2015	India	NICU	Preterm - 1m	Low respiratory rate/ hypoxia → death Abnormal respiratory rate/ hypoxia/ chest recessions/ respiratory distress → prolonged hospitalization Cyanosis → shortened hospitalization in surviving neonates	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30554]	Webb C, 2012	Kenya	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia → treatment failure	●	●	●	●	●	●
[@30504]	Wilson PT, 2017	Ghana	Inpatient	1 - 59m	Hypoxia/ tachypnoea → death†	●	●	●	●	●	●