|
Study variables
|
N
|
n (%)
|
Neonatal
|
Infant
|
Under-5
|
|
Intermediate (Socio economic factors):
|
| Location of household: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
990 |
(22.2) 932 |
12 |
23 |
29 |
| Rural |
3,736 |
(77.8) 3265 |
22 |
39 |
49 |
| Household wealth status: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Highest quintile |
572 |
(14.1) 589 |
14 |
17 |
23 |
| 4th quintile |
790 |
(16.9) 711 |
15 |
20 |
24 |
| Middle quintile |
847 |
(16.6) 697 |
20 |
33 |
45 |
| 2nd lowest quintile |
1,065 |
(22.1) 927 |
25 |
46 |
55 |
| Lowest quintile |
1,452 |
(30.3) 1271 |
23 |
46 |
58 |
| Mother’s education: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Primary/secondary or more |
3,881 |
(81.6) 3425 |
17 |
29 |
35 |
| No education |
845 |
(18.4) 772 |
32 |
66 |
86 |
| Mother’s working status: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Not working |
2,199 |
(43.6) 1828 |
15 |
25 |
36 |
| Working |
2,524 |
(56.4) 2366 |
24 |
43 |
51 |
| Maternal marital status: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Currently married |
4,509 |
(95.6) 4013 |
20 |
35 |
43 |
| Formerly married |
217 |
(4.4) 184 |
22 |
49 |
71 |
|
Household factors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Main household material of the wall: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Finished |
1,134 |
(23.8) 961 |
46 |
23 |
34 |
| Rudimentary |
3,052 |
(64.9) 2618 |
23 |
37 |
47 |
| Natural |
359 |
(11.3) 454 |
28 |
45 |
52 |
| Main household material of the roof: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Finished |
3,060 |
(67.9) 2768 |
18 |
33 |
42 |
| Rudimentary |
52 |
(1.1) 45 |
37 |
37 |
37 |
| Natural |
1,471 |
(31.0) 1266 |
25 |
41 |
50 |
| Cooking location: |
|
|
|
|
|
| In a separate building |
1,103 |
(24.8) 1039 |
11 |
27 |
33 |
| In the house |
3,164 |
(63.1) 2644 |
25 |
41 |
50 |
| Outdoors |
453 |
(12.1) 509 |
11 |
25 |
40 |
| Separate room for cooking (2688): |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
1,206 |
(39.7) 1050 |
24 |
34 |
41 |
| No |
1,958 |
(60.3) 1594 |
27 |
45 |
56 |
| Improved sanitation facilities: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
2,498 |
(50.8) 2132 |
20 |
31 |
38 |
| No |
2,228 |
(49.2) 2065 |
20 |
40 |
52 |
| Improved source of drinking water: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
3,232 |
(67.0) 2812 |
21 |
36 |
45 |
| No |
1,494 |
(33.0) 1385 |
18 |
35 |
44 |
| Type of cooking fuel:† |
|
|
|
|
|
| Clean fuels |
689 |
(17.5) 714 |
21 |
25 |
30 |
| Polluting fuel’ |
3,903 |
(82.5) 3369 |
20 |
38 |
48 |
| Environmental tobacco smoke: |
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1,934 |
(41.4) 1736 |
19 |
28 |
36 |
| Yes |
2,792 |
(58.6) 2462 |
21 |
41 |
51 |
|
Proximate (individuals’ factors):
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Maternal factors
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Mother’s current age (years): |
|
|
|
|
|
| 20-29 years |
2,046 |
(43.3) 1818 |
18 |
30 |
38 |
| Under 20 years |
104 |
(2.4) 99 |
18 |
41 |
52 |
| 30-39 years |
2,016 |
(43.7) 1833 |
22 |
37 |
45 |
| 40 years and over |
560 |
(10.7) 447 |
22 |
48 |
64 |
| Current use of contraception method: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Modern method |
2,447 |
(58.1) 2439 |
18 |
29 |
34 |
| Traditional/no method |
2,279 |
(41.9) 1759 |
23 |
45 |
60 |
| Desire for pregnancy: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Wanted then |
4,328 |
(91.3) 3833 |
20 |
36 |
45 |
| Wanted later/no more |
398 |
(8.7) 364 |
21 |
34 |
46 |
| Ever had a terminated pregnancy: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Yes |
4,061 |
(88.5) 3717 |
21 |
36 |
45 |
| No |
665 |
(11.5) 481 |
14 |
34 |
46 |
| Mothers smoking status: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Never smoke |
4,381 |
(94.9) 3984 |
19 |
33 |
42 |
| Yes smoke |
345 |
(5.1) 213 |
38 |
76 |
93 |
|
Child factors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Sex of child: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Female |
2,247 |
(47.9) 2011 |
18 |
34 |
40 |
| Male |
2,479 |
(52.1) 2187 |
22 |
37 |
49 |
| Birth rank: |
|
|
|
|
|
| 1st birth rank |
1,534 |
(35.1) 1473 |
14 |
24 |
32 |
| 2-3rd birth rank |
1,904 |
(41.7) 1748 |
21 |
33 |
38 |
| 4th birth rank and over |
1,288 |
(23.2) 975 |
28 |
58 |
75 |
| Preceding birth interval: |
|
|
|
|
|
| 1st child |
1,534 |
(35.1) 1473 |
14 |
24 |
32 |
| Birth interval <3 years |
1,193 |
(20.4) 858 |
33 |
67 |
81 |
| Birth interval >3 years |
1,999 |
(44.5) 1866 |
19 |
30 |
37 |
|
Delivery and post-delivery factors:
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Delivery assistant: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Health professional |
3,030 |
(66.1) 2776 |
15 |
24 |
29 |
| None/TBA/other untrained |
1,696 |
(33.9) 1421 |
30 |
58 |
76 |
| Place of delivery: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Health facility |
1,575 |
(36.6) 1534 |
10 |
16 |
24 |
| Non-health facility |
3,151 |
(63.5) 2663 |
26 |
47 |
57 |
| Mode of delivery: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Non- caesarean section |
708 |
(16.8) 704 |
5 |
6 |
8 |
| Caesarean section |
4,018 |
(83.2) 3493 |
23 |
41 |
50 |
| Child’s breastfeeding status: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Child ever-breastfed |
4,604 |
(97.4) 4090 |
11 |
27 |
37 |
| Child never-breastfed |
122 |
(2.6) 108 |
344 |
371 |
371 |
| Birthweight (kilograms): |
|
|
|
|
|
| 2500-3500 kilograms |
1,187 |
(29.6) 1137 |
6 |
14 |
18 |
| <2500 kilograms |
146 |
(3.5) 135 |
34 |
48 |
48 |
| >3500 kilograms |
653 |
(16.1) 617 |
3 |
15 |
28 |
| Not weighed at birth |
2,316 |
(50.9) 1957 |
34 |
55 |
69 |
| Birth size: |
|
|
|
|
|
| Average |
2,819 |
(62.1) 2506 |
14 |
29 |
43 |
| Smaller than average |
612 |
(12.8) 515 |
48 |
63 |
63 |
| Larger than average |
1,113 |
(25.1) 1013 |
18 |
36 |
39 |