|
Socio-demographic characteristics
|
|
Current school enrollment
|
| No, including correspondence |
114 (6.0) |
126 (8.64) |
1026 (29.37) |
25161 (39.58) |
3255 (88.92) |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
1923 (94.0) |
1456 (91.3) |
2703 (70.6) |
4698 (60.4) |
529 (11.0) |
|
|
State of residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| UP |
1072 (65.14) |
889 (65.0) |
2064 (69.79) |
4338 (71.62) |
1798 (61.82) |
<0.0001 |
| Bihar |
1012 (34.86) |
764 (35.0) |
1821 (30.21) |
3428 (28.38) |
3408 (38.18) |
|
|
Area of residence
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Urban |
872 (16.48) |
759 (17.02) |
1960 (17.67) |
3746 (17.31) |
1942 (14.03) |
<0.0001 |
| Rural |
1212 (83.52) |
894 (82.98) |
1925 (82.33) |
4020 (82.69) |
3264 (85.97) |
|
|
Mother’s education
|
| 0 years |
1394 (72.2) |
1102 (70.11) |
2476 (70.23) |
5082 (70.41) |
4327 (82.97) |
<0.0001 |
| 1-7 years |
216 (9.19) |
195 (13.15) |
432 (10.91) |
841 (10.43) |
427 (8.62) |
|
| 8-9 years |
191 (8.76) |
146 (8.03) |
350 (7.9) |
644 (7.88) |
240 (4.63) |
|
| 10+ years |
283 (9.85) |
210 (8.72) |
627 (10.96) |
1199 (11.28) |
212 (3.77) |
|
|
Religion
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hindu |
1712 (83.77) |
1263 (77.57) |
3196 (83.78) |
5636 (75.98) |
4391 (82.52) |
<0.0001 |
| Other religions |
372 (16.23) |
390 (22.43) |
689 (16.22) |
2130 (24.02) |
815 (17.48) |
|
|
Caste
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| General |
407 (18.37) |
338 (18.69) |
782 (18.15) |
1805 (22.2) |
526 (12.61) |
0.0001 |
| Scheduled caste/scheduled Tribe (SC/ST) |
493 (26.13) |
365 (24.84) |
912 (27.46) |
1520 (22.8) |
1464 (29.06) |
|
| Other backward classes (OBC) |
1184 (55.5) |
950 (56.47) |
2191 (56.39) |
4441 (55.0) |
3216 (58.33) |
|
|
Wealth quintile
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Q1 (poorest) |
278 (16.64) |
218 (16.6) |
278 (9.18) |
723 (12.08) |
860 (14.57) |
<0.0001 |
| Q2 (poorer) |
376 (21.91) |
273 (19.8) |
536 (18.95) |
1017 (17.24) |
1022 (20.53) |
|
| Q3 (middle) |
432 (21.58) |
310 (20.13) |
777 (23.78) |
1438 (21.03) |
1239 (23.47) |
|
| Q4 (richer) |
476 (19.92) |
446 (24.03) |
1124 (25.11) |
2142 (24.7) |
1289 (24.23) |
|
| Q5 (richest) |
522 (19.94) |
406 (19.44) |
1170 (22.97) |
2446 (24.95) |
796 (17.2) |
|
|
Age at marriage
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 18-19 years |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1230 (32.21) |
|
| 16-17 years |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
2280 (45.32) |
|
| <16 years |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1383 (22.47) |
|
|
Measures of family violence
|
|
Witnessed marital violence among parents
|
| No |
1454 (76.47) |
1126 (71.28) |
2919 (79.73) |
5541 (74.23) |
3390 (68.1) |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
407 (23.53) |
423 (28.72) |
631 (20.27) |
1788 (25.77) |
1537 (31.9) |
|
|
Experienced direct parental abuse since age 10
|
| No |
644 (29.43) |
797 (48.66) |
1729 (45.83) |
5222 (67.47) |
3520 (68.36) |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
1392 (70.57) |
798 (51.34) |
1970 (54.17) |
2254 (32.53) |
1602 (31.64) |
|
|
Own experience of marital violence
|
| No |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
3552 (75.06) |
|
| Yes |
NA |
NA |
NA |
NA |
1349 (24.94) |
|
|
Suicidal ideation, self-harm and depression
|
|
Suicidal ideation‡
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
768 (99.17) |
687 (98.88) |
3769 (97.56) |
7397 (95.56) |
4833 (91.82) |
<0.0001 |
| Yes |
6 (0.83) |
10 (1.12) |
87 (2.44) |
335 (4.44) |
351 (8.18) |
|
|
Self-harm
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| No |
1984 (94.65) |
1560 (93.93) |
3719 (95.79) |
7500 (97.09) |
4999 (95.05) |
0.0005 |
| Yes |
100 (5.35) |
93 (6.07) |
166 (4.21) |
266 (2.91) |
207 (4.95) |
|
|
Depressive symptoms (PHQ-9 categories)§
|
| No |
1430 (69.72) |
1146 (70.25) |
2392 (60.84) |
4255 (54.71) |
2580 (48.73) |
<0.0001 |
| Minimal-mild |
653 (30.23) |
484 (28.76) |
1429 (37.38) |
3092 (40.40) |
2234 (43.11) |
|
| Moderate-severe |
1 (0.03) |
23 (0.98) |
64 (1.77) |
419 (4.88) |
392 (8.15) |
|
|
Depressive symptoms screening (PHQ-2)¶
|
| <3 |
2071 (99.38) |
1624 (98.97) |
3778 (97.26) |
7254 (93.74) |
4779 (91.34) |
<0.0001 |
| 3+ |
13 (0.62) |
29 (1.03) |
107 (2.74) |
512 (6.26) |
427 (8.66) |
|