|
Country level factors
|
| Country of survey: |
HR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
HR (95% CI)
|
P-value
|
| Burundi |
1.00 |
|
1.00 |
|
| DRC |
1.77 (1.32, 2.37) |
<0.001 |
1.41 (1.04, 1.92) |
0.027 |
| Rwanda |
1.19 (0.85, 1.66) |
0.316 |
1.05 (0.74, 1.47) |
0.792 |
| Tanzania |
1.51 (1.09, 2.08) |
0.012 |
1.37 (0.98, 1.92) |
0.066 |
| Uganda |
1.68 (1.27, 2.23) |
<0.001 |
1.26 (0.94, 1.71) |
0.127 |
|
Socioeconomic factors
|
| Maternal literacy: |
| Can read |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Cannot read |
0.98 (0.81, 1.18) |
0.826 |
|
|
| Place of residence: |
| Urban |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Rural |
0.93 (0.76, 1.14) |
0.493 |
|
|
| Maternal education: |
| Higher education |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Secondary education |
1.03 (0.50, 2.10) |
0.946 |
|
|
| Primary education |
1.05 (0.52, 2.10) |
0.893 |
|
|
| No education |
0.74 (0.36, 1.52) |
0.410 |
|
|
| Maternal occupation: |
| Not working |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Skilled/Professional |
1.12 (0.83, 1.52) |
0.455 |
|
|
| Agriculture |
0.99 (0.75, 1.30) |
0.921 |
|
|
| Wealth index: |
| Rich |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Middle |
1.23 (0.95, 1.59) |
0.117 |
|
|
| Poor |
1.02 (0.79, 1.32) |
0.873 |
|
|
| Maternal working status: |
| Currently working |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Currently not working |
1.00 (0.80, 1.25) |
0.976 |
|
|
| Maternal factors |
| Mother’s desire for pregnancy: |
| Wanted then |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Wanted later |
0.86 (0.70, 1.07) |
0.176 |
|
|
| Wanted no more |
1.19 (0.88, 1.59) |
0.259 |
|
|
| Use of contraceptives: |
| Currently using |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Currently not using |
1.99 (1.59, 2.48) |
<0.001 |
1.81 (1.43, 2.29) |
<0.001 |
| Previous death of baby: |
| No |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Yes |
5.21 (4.25, 6.38) |
<0.001 |
10.3 (7.75, 13.68) |
<0.001 |
| Maternal smoking status: |
|
|
|
|
| Non-smoker |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Smoker |
0.79 (0.29, 2.14) |
0.640 |
|
|
| Mother’s age at first birth: |
| <20 |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| 20-24 |
0.92 (0.75, 1.12) |
0.398 |
|
|
| 25+ |
0.88 (0.64, 1.21) |
0.424 |
|
|
|
Child factors
|
| Sex of child |
| Male |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Female |
0.81 (0.67, 0.97) |
0.024 |
0.79 (0.65, 0.96) |
0.018 |
| Perceived birth size: |
| Average |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Smaller than average |
1.95 (1.55, 2.47) |
<0.001 |
1.88 (1.47, 2.39) |
<0.001 |
| Larger than average |
1.08 (0.87, 1.33) |
0.509 |
1.05 (0.84, 1.33) |
0.655 |
| Combined birth order and birth interval: |
| -2nd or 3rd child, > 2 years interval |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| -First child |
1.96 (1.51, 2.56) |
<0.001 |
3.05 (2.28, 4.07) |
<0.001 |
| -2nd or 3rd child, ≤ 2 years interval |
0.97 (0.65, 1.44) |
0.864 |
0.81 (0.53, 1.23) |
0.323 |
| -4th or more child, > 2 years interval |
1.19 (0.91, 1.55) |
0.196 |
0.48 (0.36, 0.66) |
<0.001 |
| -4th or more child, ≤ 2 years interval |
2.00 (1.45, 2.77) |
<0.001 |
0.79 (0.55, 1.14) |
0.213 |
|
Environmental factors
|
| Type of cooking fuel: |
| Non-solid fuels |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Solid fuels |
0.61 (0.29, 1.31) |
0.206 |
|
|
| Type of water sources |
| Improved water sources |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Unimproved water sources |
1.23 (1.02, 1.48) |
0.034 |
|
|
| Type of sanitation facility: |
| Improved facility |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Unimproved facility |
1.16 (0.96, 1.40) |
0.130 |
|
|
|
Health service factors
|
| Antenatal IFA supplementation: |
| Yes |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| No |
1.10(0.90, 1.34) |
0.366 |
|
|
| Tetanus Toxoid (TT) injection |
| 2+ TT |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| 1 TT |
1.05 (0.84, 1.31) |
0.685 |
1.27 (1.00, 1.61) |
0.046 |
| No TT |
1.25 (1.00, 1.56) |
0.052 |
1.36 (1.04, 1.78) |
0.023 |
| Antenatal care (ANC) visits: |
| 4+ANC |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| 1-3 ANC |
1.17 (0.97, 1.42) |
0.103 |
1.13 (0.92, 1.38) |
0.262 |
| N0 ANC |
2.34 (1.62, 3.40) |
<0.001 |
1.62 (1.06, 2.48) |
0.027 |
| Delivery assistance: |
| Health professional* |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Others |
1.07 (0.88, 1.29) |
0.513 |
|
|
| Place of delivery: |
| Health facility |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Home |
1.00 (0.80, 1.25) |
0.977 |
|
|
| Mode of delivery: |
| Non-caesarean section |
1.00 |
|
|
|
| Caesarean section |
1.92 (1.48, 2.48) |
<0.001 |
1.89 (1.40, 2.55) |
<0.001 |