|
Study variables
|
Rate (95% CI)
|
Rate (95% CI)
|
Rate (95% CI)
|
Rate (95% CI)
|
Rate (95% CI)
|
Rate (95% CI)
|
|
Socioeconomic factors
|
| Maternal literacy: |
| Can read |
11 (10, 13) |
20 (18, 22) |
13 (12, 15) |
12 (10, 14) |
18 (16, 20) |
17 (15, 19) |
| Cannot read |
10 (9, 12) |
18 (16, 20) |
14 (13, 16) |
16 (14, 18) |
12 (10, 13) |
20 (18, 22) |
| Place of residence: |
| Urban |
16 (14, 18) |
16 (14, 18) |
14 (12, 16) |
16 (14, 18) |
23 (20, 25) |
14 (12, 15) |
| Rural |
10 (9, 12) |
21 (18, 23) |
13 (11, 15) |
12 (11, 14) |
14 (12, 16) |
20 (18, 22) |
| Maternal education: |
| Higher education |
72 (68, 77) |
26 (23, 28) |
14 (12, 16) |
0 (0, 0) |
0 (0, 0) |
13 (11, 15) |
| Secondary education |
13 (11, 14) |
19 (17, 21) |
8 (6, 9) |
12 (10, 13) |
16 (14, 18) |
15 (13, 17) |
| Primary education |
11 (10, 13) |
20 (18, 22) |
15 (14, 17) |
14 (12, 16) |
19 (17, 21) |
19 (17, 21) |
| No education |
9 (8, 11) |
16 (14, 18) |
18 (16, 20) |
12 (10, 13) |
8 (7, 10) |
22 (20, 24) |
| Maternal occupation: |
| Not working |
10 (9, 12) |
18 (16, 20) |
10 (9, 12) |
13 (11, 15) |
17 (15, 19) |
14 (13, 16) |
| Skilled/Professional |
10 (8, 11) |
20 (18, 22) |
11 (9, 13) |
11 (9, 12) |
20 (18, 22) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Agriculture |
11 (9, 13) |
19 (17, 22) |
15 (13, 17) |
13 (12, 15) |
1 (1, 2) |
20 (18, 22) |
| Paternal education: |
| Secondary or higher |
13 (11, 15) |
18 (16, 20) |
11 (9, 12) |
15 (13, 17) |
21 (19, 23) |
14 (12, 16) |
| Primary |
9 (8, 11) |
19 (17, 21) |
16 (14, 18) |
12 (10, 14) |
13 (12, 15) |
22 (20, 25) |
| No education |
10 (9, 12) |
20 (17, 22) |
6 (5, 7) |
11 (9, 13) |
14 (12, 15) |
16 (14, 18) |
| Wealth index: |
| Rich |
15 (13, 17) |
13 (11, 15) |
10 (9, 12) |
12 (10, 13) |
18 (16, 20) |
14 (13, 16) |
| Middle |
11 (9, 12) |
22 (20, 24) |
15 (13, 17) |
17 (15, 19) |
22 (20, 24) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Poor |
10 (8, 11) |
20 (18, 22) |
15 (14, 17) |
9 (7, 10) |
13 (11, 15) |
21 (19, 23) |
| Maternal working status: |
| Currently working |
11 (10, 13) |
20 (18, 22) |
14 (12, 16) |
13 (11, 15) |
16 (14, 18) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Currently not working |
9 (8, 10) |
17 (15, 19) |
9 (8, 11) |
12 (10, 14) |
17 (15, 19) |
18 (16, 20) |
|
Maternal factors
|
| Maternal BMI*: |
| ≤ 18 |
5 (4, 6) |
18 (16, 20) |
12 (10, 13) |
14 (12, 16) |
13 (11, 15) |
7 (6, 8) |
| 18-25 |
14 (12, 16) |
19 (17, 21) |
13 (11, 15) |
11 (9, 12) |
15 (13, 17) |
18 (16, 20) |
| 25+ |
7 (6, 8) |
21 (18, 23) |
12 (10, 13) |
13 (11, 15) |
21 (18, 23) |
21 (19, 23) |
| Mother’s desire for pregnancy: |
| Wanted then |
10 (8, 11) |
20 (18, 22) |
12 (10, 13) |
14 (12, 16) |
18 (16, 20) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Wanted later |
11 (9, 13) |
17 (15, 19) |
12 (10, 13) |
11 (10, 13) |
14 (13, 16) |
14 (13, 16) |
| Wanted no more |
16 (14, 18) |
21 (19, 24) |
18 (16, 21) |
12 (10, 13) |
11 (10, 13) |
29 (26, 32) |
| Use of contraceptives: |
| Currently using |
9 (7, 10) |
12 (10, 14) |
8 (6, 9) |
6 (5, 8) |
9 (8, 11) |
12 (10, 14) |
| Currently not using |
12 (10, 13) |
21 (19, 23) |
19 (17, 21) |
19 (17, 21) |
21 (19, 24) |
22 (20, 24) |
| Previous death of baby: |
| No |
4 (3, 5) |
11 (9, 12) |
6 (5, 7) |
4 (3, 5) |
8 (7, 10) |
8 (6, 9) |
| Yes |
31 (29, 34) |
39 (36, 42) |
42 (39, 45) |
44 (41, 48) |
35 (32, 37) |
36 (33, 39) |
| Maternal smoking status: |
| Non-smoker |
11 (9, 13) |
19 (17, 21) |
13 (12, 15) |
13 (11, 15) |
16 (14, 18) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Smoker |
5 (4, 6) |
28 (25, 30) |
115 (110, 121) |
17 (15, 19) |
40 (37, 43) |
0 (0, 0) |
| Mothers age at first birth: |
| <20 |
12 (10, 14) |
18 (16, 20) |
12 (11, 14) |
14 (13, 16) |
17 (15, 18) |
19 (17, 21) |
| 20-24 |
9 (8, 11) |
22 (20, 24) |
16 (14, 18) |
12 (11, 14) |
15 (13, 17) |
19 (17, 21) |
| 25+ |
13 (11, 15) |
21 (19, 23) |
13 (12, 15) |
12 (10, 14) |
24 (21, 26) |
9 (8, 11) |
|
Child factors
|
| Sex of child: |
| Male |
13 (11, 14) |
19 (17, 21) |
13 (11, 15) |
15 (13, 17) |
19 (17, 21) |
21 (19, 23) |
| Female |
9 (8, 10) |
20 (18, 22) |
14 (12, 16) |
10 (9, 12) |
13 (12, 15) |
15 (13, 17) |
| Perceived birth size: |
| Average |
11 (9, 12) |
19 (17, 22) |
7 (5, 8) |
7 (6, 8) |
12 (10, 13) |
15 (13, 17) |
| Smaller than average |
13 (12, 15) |
31 (28, 33) |
24 (21, 26) |
33 (30, 36) |
50 (47, 53) |
20 (18, 22) |
| Larger than average |
10 (8, 11) |
16 (14, 18) |
16 (14, 17) |
11 (9, 12) |
16 (14, 18) |
19 (17, 21) |
| Combined birth order and birth interval: |
| First child |
13 (12, 15) |
34 (31, 36) |
13 (11, 14) |
18 (16, 20) |
23 (20, 25) |
23 (21, 26) |
| 2nd or 3rd child, >2 years interval |
10 (8, 11) |
16 (14, 18) |
10 (9, 12) |
8 (6, 9) |
14 (12, 16) |
11 (9, 12) |
| 2nd or 3rd child, ≤ 2 years interval |
8 (7, 10) |
10 (8, 11) |
9 (7, 10) |
13 (11, 14) |
8 (7, 10) |
16 (14, 18) |
| 4th or more child, > 2 years interval |
11 (10, 13) |
11 (10, 13) |
17 (15, 19) |
14 (12, 15) |
16 (14, 18) |
18 (16, 20) |
| 4th or more child, ≤ 2 years interval |
10 (8, 11) |
32 (29, 34) |
22 (20, 25) |
18 (16, 20) |
14 (12, 16) |
28 (26, 31) |
|
Environmental factors
|
| Type of cooking fuel: |
| Non-solid fuels |
0 (0, 0) |
12 (11, 14) |
10 (9, 12) |
0 (0, 0) |
47 (44, 50) |
25 (23, 27) |
| Solid fuels |
11 (9, 12) |
19 (17, 21) |
14 (12, 16) |
13 (11, 15) |
15 (14, 17) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Type of water sources: |
| Improved water sources |
12 (10, 13) |
14 (12, 16) |
13 (11, 14) |
13 (11, 15) |
18 (16, 20) |
17 (15, 19) |
| Unimproved water sources |
7 (6, 8) |
24 (22, 26) |
15 (13, 17) |
13 (11, 15) |
13 (12, 15) |
20 (18, 22) |
| Type of sanitation facility: |
| Improved facility |
12 (10, 13) |
18 (16, 20) |
11 (10, 13) |
13 (12, 15) |
16 (14, 18) |
14 (12, 16) |
| Unimproved facility |
10 (9, 12) |
20 (18, 22) |
16 (14, 18) |
11 (9, 13) |
16 (14, 18) |
20 (18, 22) |
|
Health service factors
|
| Antenatal Fansidar: |
| Yes |
11 (10, 13) |
18 (16, 20) |
10 (9, 12) |
0 (0, 0) |
17 (15, 19) |
15 (14, 17) |
| No |
11 (9, 12) |
20 (17, 22) |
15 (13, 16) |
0 (0, 0) |
14 (13, 16) |
28 (26, 31) |
| Antenatal IFA* supplementation |
| Yes |
10 (8, 12) |
18 (16, 20) |
11 (10, 13) |
13 (11, 15) |
17 (15, 19) |
16 (14, 18) |
| No |
12 (10, 13) |
21 (19, 23) |
14 (12, 16) |
12 (11, 14) |
12 (10, 14) |
33 (30, 36) |
| Tetanus Toxoid (TT) injection: |
| 2+ TT |
13 (11, 14) |
16 (15, 18) |
10 (9, 12) |
14 (12, 16) |
14 (12, 16) |
15 (13, 17) |
| 1 TT |
9 (7, 10) |
17 (15, 19) |
12 (11, 14) |
12 (10, 13) |
21 (19, 23) |
21 (19, 23) |
| No TT |
11 (9, 13) |
26 (24, 29) |
21 (19, 23) |
14 (12, 16) |
17 (15, 19) |
27 (25, 30) |
| Antenatal care (ANC) visits: |
| 4+ANC |
11 (9, 13) |
19 (16, 21) |
11 (9, 12) |
9 (8, 11) |
15 (13, 17) |
14 (12, 16) |
| 1-3 ANC |
11 (9, 12) |
16 (14, 18) |
15 (13, 17) |
16 (14, 18) |
17 (15, 19) |
24 (21, 26) |
| N0 ANC |
17 (15, 19) |
34 (32, 37) |
43 (40, 46) |
0 (0, 0) |
29 (27, 32) |
37 (34, 40) |
| Delivery assistance: |
| Health professional* |
11 (9, 12) |
19 (17, 21) |
13 (11, 15) |
13 (11, 15) |
23 (20, 25) |
17 (15, 19) |
| Others |
12 (10, 13) |
20 (17, 22) |
14 (12, 16) |
11 (9, 12) |
15 (13, 17) |
21 (19, 23) |
| Place of delivery: |
| Health facility |
11 (9, 12) |
19 (17, 22) |
13 (12, 15) |
13 (11, 15) |
18 (16, 21) |
18 (16, 20) |
| Home |
12 (10, 14) |
18 (16, 20) |
13 (11, 15) |
11 (9, 12) |
12 (10, 14) |
20 (18, 22) |
| Mode of delivery: |
| Non-caesarean section |
11 (9, 12) |
18 (16, 20) |
13 (11, 14) |
11 (10, 13) |
15 (13, 17) |
17 (15, 19) |
| Caesarean section |
19 (17, 21) |
30 (27, 33) |
21 (19, 23) |
25 (23, 28) |
30 (28, 33) |
35 (32, 38) |