Study variables n %
Country level factors
Country of survey:
Burundi 8776 16
DRC* 10815 19
Kenya 14189 24
Rwanda 5963 11
Tanzania 6920 12
Uganda 9936 18
Socioeconomic factors:
Maternal literacy (N=56540):
Can read 39107 69
Cannot read 17433 31
Place of residence:
Urban 15119 27
Rural 41480 73
Maternal education:
Higher education 130 2
Secondary education 677 11
Primary education 4288 72
No education 869 15
Maternal occupation (49123):
Not working 7812 14
Skilled/Professional 12492 22
Agriculture 28819 51
Missing 7477 13
Paternal education (N=42992):
Secondary or higher 15765 28
Primary 20844 37
No education 6383 11
Missing 13608 24
Rich 13083 23
Middle 22863 40
Poor 20654 37
Maternal working status (N=49128):
Currently working 38610 68
Currently not working 10518 19
Missing 7472 13
Maternal factors
Maternal BMI* (N=29659):
≤18 1737 3
18-25 21201 37
25+ 6720 12
Missing 26941 48
Mother’s desire for pregnancy (N=49146):
Wanted then 30792 54
Wanted later 13758 24
Wanted no more 4597 8
Missing 7454 14
Use of contraceptives (N=49168):
Currently using 18406 33
Currently not using 30762 54
Missing 7432 13
Previous death of baby:
No 41101 73
Yes 15499 27
Maternal smoking status:
Non-smoker 56095 99
Smoker 505 1
Mother's age at first birth (N=56559):
<20 30167 53
20-24 20812 37
25+ 5579 10
Child factors
Sex of child:
Male 28817 51
Female 27783 49
Perceived birth size (N=48621):
Average 24902 44
Smaller than average 7053 12
Larger than average 16666 29
Missing 7979 15
Combined birth order and birth interval:
First child 12560 22
2nd or 3rd child, > 2 years interval 15857 28
2nd or 3rd child, ≤ 2 years interval 4287 8
4th or more child, > 2 years interval 18849 33
4th or more child, ≤ 2 years interval 5046 9
Environmental factors
Type of cooking fuel (N=55292):
Non-solid fuels 1737 5
Solid fuels 53555 95
Type of water sources (N=55291):
Improved water sources 36770 66
Unimproved water sources 18521 34
Type of sanitation facility (N=55283):
Improved facility 24975 45
Unimproved facility 30308 55
Health service factors
Antenatal Fansidar (N=50293):
Yes 22730 40
No 27563 49
Missing 6307 11
Antenatal IFA* supplementation (N=49097):
Yes 34210 60
No 14887 26
Missing 7503 14
Tetanus Toxoid (TT) vaccine (N=49130):
2+ TT 22274 39
1 TT 15444 27
No TT 11411 20
Missing 7470 14
Antenatal care (ANC) visits (N=56397):
4+ANC 29750 53
1-3 ANC 24549 43
N0 ANC 2098 4
Delivery assistance (N=56563):
Health professional* 39590 70
Non-health professional 16972 30
Place of delivery (N=56559):
Health facility 43964 78
Home 12595 22
Mode of delivery (N=56498):
Non-caesarean section 52155 92
Caesarean section 4342 8