Management level	Intervention strategies	Estimated intervention costs	Expected outcomes
I. Eliminate risk	Centralize slaughterhouses and market refrigerated meat only	Very high costs for government and industry	Few to zero cases
	Maintain cold-chain from processing center to wholesale market	Considerable short-term impact on poultry farming industry	Protect all populations
	Close live poultry markets in the cities and rural areas	Requires consumers to change behavior
	Strengthen live poultry wholesale markets management	Suitable as a long-term goal
	Strengthen poultry farms management
II. Control risk	Recondition poultry markets; strengthen poultry market management for different poultry types and areas; have a designated slaughterhouse	High costs to government and industry	Sporadic cases in limited areas
	Zero live poultry in markets overnight; disinfect cages	Suitable as a as a short or intermediate goal with gradual implementation	Eliminate the risk of exposure to the pathogen in urban populations
	Strict implementation of 1-1-1-0 Policy at the live poultry market; reinforce the routine market closed day policy
	Strengthen the management of the wholesale markets for the three types of poultry; disinfect transportation vehicles
	Close local markets that have potential for viral infections or human cases; extend market closure time, disinfect facilities immediately; consider temporally closures of all regional live poultry markets
III. Mitigate risk	Recondition live poultry markets; guarantee no overlapping areas for slaughter and market	Moderate costs to government and industry	Sporadic cases in multiple areas
	Close local markets that have potential for viral infections or human cases; extend market closure time, disinfect facilities immediately; consider temporally closures of all regional live poultry markets	Suitable for immediate implementation as a short-term goal	Reduce the risk of contracting the disease among rural populations
IV. Contain risk	Strengthen health education campaigns and activities	Efforts focus on reduce exposure by raising public awareness and disease prevention knowledge	Sporadic cases reported constantly in multiple locations
	Strengthen infectious disease surveillance systems		Viral contamination is widespread at markets with year-round or multi-year risks for new cases
	Improve influenza diagnosis and treatment